Reading...
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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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metacognition
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awareness and knowledge of one's mental processes such that one can monitor, regulate, and direct them to a desired end; self-mediation. (one's attitudes and beliefs are involved in)
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scaffolding
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In learning, the gradual withdrawal of teacher support-through instruction, modeling, questioning, feedback over time-with the goal being to transfer more autonomy to the student.
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think aloud
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in literacy instruction, a strategy in which the teacher verbalizes what she is thinking while reading a selection orally, thus modeling the process of comprehension.
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reciprocal teaching
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metacognitive strategy in which students are involved in summarizing, question generating, clarifying and predicting as they read texts. Both teacher and students share.
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question-answer relationships (QAR)
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provides a systematic approach for analyzing task demands using: text implicit and explicit and script implicit-"right there", "think and search", "author and me", and "on my own". Enhances ability to answer comprehension questions.
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questioning the author
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Teachers collaborate with students by helping them develop an understanding of text through the use of questions which look at the clarity and accuracy of the author's writing. ie. What is the author trying to say here? Does the author explain this clearly?
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shared reading
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an early childhood instructional strategy in which the teacher involves a group of young children in the reading of a particular big book in order to help them learn aspects of beginning literacy, as print conventions and the concept of 'word', and develop reading strategies, as in decoding or the use of prediction.
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connotative meaning (connotation)
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the emotional association(s) suggested by the primary meaning of a lexical unit; which affects its interpretations; affective meaning; emotive meaning. The associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word.
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denotative meaning
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the relationship between a linguistic event and its referent, as a book denotes the object "book, referential meaning; cognitive meaning. Literally (dictionary) meaning.
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figurative language
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language enriched by word images and figures of speech.
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metaphor
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a figure of speech in which comparison is implied but not stated. (the sun is a yellow balloon.)
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simile
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comparison of 2 things usually using like or as
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metacognitive strategies
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Ex. reciprocal teaching, Questioning the Author, DR-TA, QAR. Strategies that students can use to help them focus on their own learning, finding ways to understand what they are reading, relate to it, internalize it, and remember it.
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DRTA-Directed Reading Thinking Activity
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Three-step comprehension cycle:
1. Sample text. 2. Make predictions. 3. Sample the text to confirm or correct previous predictions. (continue the 3 steps over and over until the selection to be read is completed) |
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comprehension
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A process in which the reader constructs meaning interacting with text...through a combination of prior knowledge and previous experience; information available in text; the stance taken in relationship to the text; and immediate, remembered or anticipated social interactions and communications. Occurs only when the reader evolves a schema that explains the whole message.
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comprehension strategy
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1. in reading, a systematic sequence of steps for understanding text, as in the SQ3R study method 2. any of these steps used singly or in combination to attain understanding 3. teaching techniques such as mapping, tree diagramming, etc., used to help students become strategic readers.
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context
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1. the sound, word, or phrases adjacent to a spoken or written language unit; linguistic environment 2. the social or cultural situation in which a spoken or written message occurs
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reading as a strategic process
(not on study guide) |
includes being able to decode words quickly and accurately, read with fluency, activate vocabulary knowledge and use text comprehension strategies to understand what they are reading. Skilled readers use more than one comprehension strategy.
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schema/schemata
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1. a generalized description, plan, or structure (of the reading process) 2. a system of cognitive structures stored in memory that are abstract representations of events, objects, and relationships in the world 3. In Piagetion theory, an image representing reality that is held in though but not transformed through thought.
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directed reading activity (DRA)
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1. a step-by-step process for presenting a reading lesson; developmental reading lesson, especially in the content fields. 2. a reading lesson involving: a. preparation and motivation b. silent reading c. vocabulary and skills development d. silent or oral rereading e. follow-up or culminating activities
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Directed Listening and Thinking Activity (DLTA)
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Like DRTA but for listening to a story
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repeated reading
(not on study guide) |
Good for ELL to help with comprehension. Three readings. 1.students skim text marking anything language item not understood. Students and teacher work together to figure out the meaning. 2. Student read text trying to understand the ideas expressed. 3. Read again to help students size up how the material is organized in order to have an overview of the text. (steps interchangeable)
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anticipation guide
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Prereading strategy designed to activate students' knowledge about a topic and provide purpose for reading. Students are asked to react to teacher-prepared statements designed to focus their attention on the topic to be learned. Provides a purpose by serving as a guide for subsequent reading.
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antonym
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a word opposite in meaning to another word
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basal reader
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A collection of fiction and non-fiction writing used for develpmental reading and sometimes writing instruction, used chiefly in the elementary and middle school grades.
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brainstorming
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a learning technique involving open group discussion intended to expand the range of available ideas.
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concept maps
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Visual representations that help students organize information from any learning experience (diagram, map, chart, graphs, graphic organizer).
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content literacy
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The ability to use reading, writing, talking, listening, and viewing to learn subject matter in a given discipline.
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DEAR
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A time for pleasure reading-usually silent-when students "drop everything and read"
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SSR
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Student quietly read for pleasure during a time of "sustained silent reading".
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Discussion web
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Uses a think-pair-share discussion cycle in paired, small-group, and large-group situations; all students are encouraged to examine multiple points of view. Provides students with a graphic aid to help them clarify their thinking by eliminated inconsistencies and contradictions in their thought processes.
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etymology
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the study of the history and development of the structures and meanings of words; derivation
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expository text (exposition)
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one of the four traditional forms of composition in speech and writing intended to set forth or explain. Is clear in conception, well organized, and understandable. It may be included limited amounts of argumentation, description, and narration to achieve this purpose.
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context-structure-sound-reference
(CSSR) |
During reading Vocab. Instruction.
context: are there meaning clues in the sentence? paragraph? Use clues to figure out meaning. Structure: look at parts of the word for meaning clues. roots, prefixes, endings. Combine with context clues. Sound: try to pronounce and check for meaning. You might recognize it; combine with context clues. Reference: use a reference source. glossary, margin notes, dictionary. |
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fiction
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imaginative narrative in any form of presentation that is designed to entertain
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fluency
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1. the clear, easy written or spoken expression of ideas 2. freedom from word-identification problems that might hinder comprehension in silent reading or the expression of ideas in oral reading; automaticity 3. the ability to produce words or larger language units in a limited time interval 4. the ability to execute motor movements smoothly, easily, and readily.
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grammar
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The phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic description of both the language's structure and its evolution over time. The morphology and syntax of a language.
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four square
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vocabulary strategy
paper divided into 4 squares 1-word 2-examples 3-what is it? 4-what is it like (draw picture) |
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graphic organizer
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contains a picture or schematic diagram of the important words in the chapter and discusses with the student how these words relate to each other. Can be used as a preteaching or postteaching strategy visual representations of meaningful relationships organized around a central topic or demonstrating change over time
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guided reading
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reading instruction in which the teacher provides the structure and purpose for reading and for responding to the material read. (most basal reading programs have guided reading lessons)
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homonym
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includes homophones and homographs
a word with different origin and meaning but the same oral or written form as one or more other words (bear (animal), bear (support), bare (exposed) |
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homograph
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a word with the same spelling as another word, whether or not pronounced alike, tear (crying) and tear (to rip)
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homophone
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-a word with different origin and meaning, but the same pronunciation as another word, whether or not spelled alike (hare, hair)
-two or more different graphemes that represent the same sound /k/ spelled c in candy, k in king, ch in school |
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inferential questions
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questions which require the reader to draw conclusions and make connections using information stated in the text
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KWL
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strategy useful for identifying purpose for reading exposition text.
What I know. What I want to know. What I have learned. |
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literal questions
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Questions in which the answer is stated or clearly implied in text or speech.
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main idea
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1. the gist of the passage; central thought 2. chief topic of passage expressed or implied in a word or phrase 3. topic sentence of a paragraph 4. a statement in sentence form which gives the stated or implied major topic of a passage and the specific way in which the passage is limited in content or reference
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literature circles
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that part of a literature-based reading program in which students meet to discuss books they are reading independently. (books are usually sets of the same title, different titles but the same author or all about the same theme)
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morpheme
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a meaningful linguistic unit that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful elements, as the word book, or that is a component of a word, as s in books
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narrative text
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1. a story, actual or fictional, expressed orally in writing 2. an expression or event-based experiences that are either: stored in memory or cognitively constructed, selected by the teller/writer to transmit to the audience/reader, organized in knowledge structures that can be anticipated by the audience 3. referring to such a story or set of events and experiences
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conventions
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an accepted practice in a spoken or written language
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mechanics
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grammar etc.
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Language Experience Approach (LEA)
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An approach to language learning in which students' oral compositions are transcribed and used as materials of instruction for reading, writing, speaking, and listening; experience approach. A curriculum that emphasizes the interrelationship of such modes of language experience.
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nonfiction
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prose designed primarily to explain, argue, or describe rather than to entertain; specifically, a type of prose other than fiction, but including biography and autobiography
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prediction
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a person's use of knowledge about language and the context in which it occurs to anticipate what is coming in writing or speech, as if one reads prag at the end of a line, one prediction strategy might be to expect the word pragmatic
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phrase-cued text
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using slashes or extra spaces to mark thought units in material to be read, as The man walked// into the room. Used to help with fluency.
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PreReading Plan (PreP)
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A strategy that gives students an auditory or visual stimulus to bring up or create background knowledge on a topic before learning about it in class. It begins with 'Tell me anything that comes to mind when you see this picture..."
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Preview
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The process of looking through the text before reading; usually led by the teacher and includes looking at pictures, headings, questions, vocabulary, etc.
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readability
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the ease of comprehension of text because of style of writing
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reader's workshop
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that part of literature-based reading program in which students engage in reading and responding to trade books, including small-group discussions with the teacher to learn or review key concepts about reading and literature.
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reciprocal questioning (ReQuest)
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students ask their own questions about what they are reading. Students develop metacognitive strategies by learning how to ask their own questions; students adopt inquiring attitude about reading, develop purpose for reading
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semantic feature analysis (SFA)
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in vocabulary instruction, the use of grid or matrix with target words on the vertical axis and possible features or attributes on the horizontal axis to determine relevant meaning relationships
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semantic web/map/organizer
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a graphic display of a cluster of words that are meaningfully related. (especially valuable in the prereading and vocabulary-building phases of content area reading.
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semantics
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The study of meaning in language.
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sentence combining
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The act of combining basic sentences into more complex sentences--a rewriting skill. ie We went to the store. We went to Grandma's. We ate dinner.--We went to the store, and then to Grandma's where we ate dinner.
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simile
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comparison of 2 things usually using like or as
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six-trait writing
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conventions (mechanics)
ideas organization sentence fluency voice word choice |
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survey-question-read-recite-review
SQ3R |
This reading strategy involves surveying all of the text; creating a question about one section before it is read; reading that section; reciting the info and answering the question; and reviewing all of the questions at the end of the day's reading. The middle 3 steps are repeated for each section of text.
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story grammar/structure
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in text analysis, a formal device or grammar used for specifying relations among episodes in a story and to formulate rules for generating other stories.
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story impressions
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a prereading writing activity that involves students using key concepts from a story to develop their own story or impressions of how these key concepts might fit together
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synonym
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1. one of two or more words in a language that have highly similar meanings, as sadness, grief, sorrow, etc. 2. a word used in a figurative sense, as the deep for water, a heel for an untrustworthy person
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synthesis
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the combining of parts or elements so as to form a whole. In the sense of reading, combining information from two sections of text, to form a more complete understanding of a concept.
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text structure
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the various patterns of ideas that are embedded in the organization of text. (Common patterns of text structure are expository, cause-effect, comparison-contrast, problem-solution, description, and sequence.)
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trade book
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a book published for sale to the general public
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Teaching vocabulary in context (TVC)
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before reading vocab. instruction
1. preview the story, select 4-5 words to be taught 2. write on board or chart. write the whole sentence from text 3. read sentences aloud. students speculate meaning 4. record ideas on the board 5. agree upon a class definition (check dictionary if necessary) |
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vocabulary development
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The growth of a person's stock of known words and meanings. the teaching-learning principles and practices that lead to such growth as comparing and classifying word meanings, using context, analyzing word roots and affixes, etc.
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vocabulary word cards
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A strategy for vocabulary development that involves an index card or paper divided into quadrants. Students will record the word, a definition, a picture or drawing, and a personal association.
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vocabulary self-collection strategy (VSS)
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A whole class strategy that involves the students choosing words from the text that they would like to know more about; reading the word in context; giving an informal definitions; and stating the relevance of the word to study at hand. Students vote on words and use them in a related activity.
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word family
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A group of words sharing a common phonic element as /t/ spelled ite in bite, kite, despite. A group of words sharing the same root or base, as phon--in phonemic, phonation, telephone.
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writing process
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pre-writing (brainstorming)
drafting revising editing publishing |
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writers workshop
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a block of school time devoted to student planning, drafting, and editing compositions for publication, often involving peer collaboration
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