Lists

Front 1

5 evolutionary forces:

Back 1

Gene flow
Genetic drift
Natural Selection
Mutation
Nonrandom mating

Front 2

3 three necessary and sufficient for evolution by natural selection:

Back 2

Phenotypic variation
Heritable
Affects fitness

Front 3

3 types of natural selection:

Back 3

Direction selection
Stabilizing selection
Disruptive selection

Front 4

4 factors preventing “perfect” organisms resulting from natural selection:

Back 4

Other evolutionary forces
Environment is changing – moving target
Trade-offs are inevitable
Historical/phylogenetic constraints

Front 5

4(5) ecological factors determining presence/distribution of organisms:

Back 5

Dispersal
Intrinsic factors
Biotic interactions
Abiotic factors
Evolution

Front 6

3 modes of dispersal

Back 6

Diffusion
Jump Dispersal
Secular dispersal – diffusion+evolution

Front 7

3 Strategies for surviving environmental stress:

Back 7

Avoid – individual experiences, cells do not (warm blooded)
Resist – Individual and cells experience, but survive (hardening)
Escape – Individual does not experience stress (migration)

Front 8

4 experiments to determine whether a predator is limiting distribution:

Back 8

Transplant – Prey must die
Protected transplant – Prey must survive
Prove predator is capable of killing prey
Catch predator red handed

Front 9

2 ways to prove a hypothesis true

Back 9

Demonstrate all necessary conditions are met
Demonstrate all other possible hypotheses are false

Front 10

4 strategies for controlling pests:

Back 10

Natural control – stop killing natural predators
Chemical control –
Cultura control – intercropping, etc
Biological control – introduce a predator

Front 11

5 properties of a successful biological control agent

Back 11

host specific
synchronous with pest
high intrinsic rate of increase
able to survive when prey are scarce
great searching ability

Front 12

5 types of predation

Back 12

Herbivores
Carnivores
Parasitoid
Parasites
Cannibalism

Front 13

4 possible outcomes of predator prey interaction

Back 13

Stable equilibrium
Stable oscillations
Convergent (damped) oscillations
Divergent oscillations (chaos)

Front 14

4 ways a predator can limit prey

Back 14

numerical response – more predators
Functional response – Switching to abundant prey
Aggregative response – gather where the prey is
Developmental response – get bigger/eat more

Front 15

3 ways plants thrive in a world full of herbivores

Back 15

Herbivores self regulate below k
Predators or parasites hold herbivores below k
The world is brown and spiny

Front 16

Three types of plant defenses

Back 16

Structural (bark, thorns)
Qualitative chemical defense – low concentration, cheap to make
Quantitative chemical defense – less nutritious, hard to eat, tannins (oak)

Front 17

3 stochastic factors contributing to population loss

Back 17

Demographic – random variation in birth and death rates
Genetic – loss of variation from inbreeding, drift
Environmental – catastrophes, weather, etc

Front 18

4 deterministic causes of extinction

Back 18

Overkill/overharvest
Habitat destruction/fragmentation
Introduced species
Chains of extinctions

Front 19

4 models of succession

Back 19

Facilitation – early species increase resources
Inhibition – Replaced randomly
Tolerance – early species decrease resources
Random – null model

Front 20

5 features according to Simpson

Back 20

North-south gradient
East-west trends
Topographic relief
Peninsular lows
Fronts of abrupt change

Front 21

6 theories affecting biodiversity (according to Wilson)

Back 21

Time
Area
Biotic Interactions
Hostile environment
Productivity
Disturbance – Intermediate best

Front 22

3 ways to be rare

Back 22

small geographic range (dwarf trout lily)
low number of individuals (bald eagle, huge range, few individuals)
narrow habitat requirements (leedy’s roseroot, only in MN and upstate NY)

Front 23

Ecology def

Back 23

Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of organisms

Front 24

HSS model

Back 24

Carnivores (limited by competition)
Herbivores (limited by predation)
Plants (limited by competition)

Front 25

Meyer-sutherland model

Back 25

Harsh environment – plants – competition
Normal environment – herbivores – competition, plants – predation
Benign environment – HSS model

Front 26

r

Back 26

Intrinsic rate of increase (little r)
Calculated by ln(R0)