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Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 260-340)

Personal life “the Father of Church History” Disciple of Pamphilus, theologian and Origen-follower, head of school at Caesarea Palestina aka Eusebius Pamphili Pamphilus martyred in 310; Eusebius flees to Tyre, then Egypt and is imprisoned By 315, he is elected to the episcopate at Caesarea and leads the school Church becomes a center for manuscript transmission, has a great library Eusebius involved in the Arian controversy (see below), circa 318 As a historian wrote: Chronicle, Ecclesiastical History, The Life of Constantine

Clement of Rome (c. 30 – c. 100)
Major writing – 1 Clement (to the Corinthians); earliest non-canonical Christian bookContents – Christian virtuesImportant contributions – apostolic succession; congregational rule
Ignatius (c. 35-107)
Ministered in Antioch in Syria (3rd largest Roman city) as bishop; arrested for his faith during Trajan’s reignMany Letters (see works)Writtenen route to martyrdom in RomeLetters first collated by Polycarp and preserved by EusebiusImportant Contents- Distinguishes bishops and elders, Smyrna, 8; Ephesians 4, 20- Speaks out against docetic Christianity- First to use the word catholic though not in the Roman sense, Smyrna, 8
Polycarp (c. 69-160)
Bishop of Smyrna, said to have been an acquaintance of John the apostleAssisted Ignatius of Antioch on his journey to martyrdom; collated and published Ignatius’s writingsInfluenced Ireneaus of Lyons as a child and “became for him a living example of an apostle of the second generation”Suffered martyrdom under Antoninus PiusWrote Letter to the PhilippiansCorrespondence from IgnatiusReferences to him in Irenaeus and JeromeThe Letter of the Smyrnaeans or the Martyrdom of Polycarp
Papias
PersonalAcquainted with John, companion of PolycarpBishop of HierapolisWritings and ViewsExegeses of the Saying of Our Lord written circa 130; was influential on both Irenaeus and HippolytusClaimed that Matthew originally written in AramaicClaimed that Mark’s Gospel based on Peter’s testimonyHeld to a chiliastic eschatology (premillenial) according to Irenaeus; his writings are now on in fragments within other authors; after the 4th century, chiliasm was dismissed as a Jewish accretion to Christianity
Hermas
IdentityNothing known except what is recorded in epistleOrigen identifies him with Romans 16:14His testimony – he was a Christian slave living in Rome, freed by a Christian mistressEventually he became a wealthy merchant, sometimes dishonest, losing his children to the world in the process.Persecuted for his faith, he lost his wealth and his children disowned him
Quadratus
1st of the apologists (c. 124/25)Ministered in Athens, his Apology is now lost, written to Hadriancompared Christianity to Jewish and pagan religionEusebius said he was a disciple of the apostlesExtant portion quoted in Eusebius EH, 4, 3.
Aristides
Apologist; Athens philosopherAlso considered by some the first apologistAddressed Hadrian, c. 125 in Apology on behalf of the Christians; no longer extant (though it was still extant in Eusebius’ day)Showed dependence on Paul
Justin Martyr
ApologistPersonal (c. 100 – c.165)Born in Nablus to Gentile parentsSought truth through philosophy before conversion as result of an old sage who showed him the meaning of OT textsc. 135 he moved to Ephesus and engaged in a debate with Trypho, a JewHe traveled to Rome and had Tatian as a pupilPublished First Apology c. 155 and A Dialogue with Trypho the JewAfter Marcus Aurelius assumed power (161) he wrote Second Apology to Roman SenateHe was denounced by Crescens the Cynic, scourged and beheaded for refusing to offer sacrificeViewsChristianity the summation for all human quest for truthChristians are monotheists who hold the Logos 2nd only to the supreme GodGentile Christians form the New IsraelFirst Apology shows early church liturgy
Irenaeus
Key Polemicist(c. 135-200), ministered in Smyrna and GaulWrote Adversus haereses; On the Unity of God and the Origin of EvilStudied under Polycarp; bishop Lyon, premillenialistOpposed GnosticismMartyred at Lyon
Tertullian
Key Polemicist(c. 160 – c. 220) of CarthageWrote Prescription of Heretics, Against Marcion, Against PraxeusTrained in law, son of a Roman army officer, converted as a adultJoined Montanists c. 200Laid groundwork for doctrine of Trinity
Hippolytus
Key Polemicist(c. 170-236) of Romewrote Philosophumena, numerous lost commentariesstudied under IrenausUsed allegorical methodDied in exile
Cyprian
Key Polemicist(c. 200-258) of CarthageWrote Unity of the Church, De LapsisTrained in rhetoric, influenced by TertullianMartyred under Valerian
Origen
Key Polemicist (c. 185 - c. 254)Ministered in AlexandriaWrote Hexapla, Against Celsus, De PrincipisPersonalFather – Leonidas, martyredStudied under Clement, whom he succeededAdvocated allegorical method of intrep.An asceticExiled by enemies in the ChurchDied later under Roman tortureThe first of the great theologians – Augustine, Aquinas, Calvin, Barth
Constantine
Son of Helena, a inn-keeper’s daughter and Constantius Chlorus, general in Diocletian’s armyFather promoted to junior Caesar of the West; his mother, probably a Christian, was dismissed out of political concerns but later returned under her son’s emperorship to exercise great influence; Constantius marries Theodora, daughter of Maximian293 brought to Nicomedia for “education” where he was possibly schooled under the Christian philosopher LactantiusDiocletian intended to pass him over as successor, so Constantine fled to his father’s military camp in York, 306On is father’s death, the troops proclaimed him Augustus, precipitating a civil war (Diocletian had divided the empire in half to avert strife over succession with Galerius ruling in the East and Diocletian in the West)After settling things in Britain, he returned to the Continent and took up residence in Augusta Treverorum. He married Fausta, daughter of MaximianThe Senate and Praetorian Guard threw it weight behind Maxentius, son of MaximianOpen strife erupted in 312 and ended when Constantine won a decisive battle at the Milvian Bridge at Rome. Lactantius, who became tutor to Constantine’s son, Crispus, reported that Constantine had seen a vision of the Cross – a Chi-Rho symbol, a heard a command to place the sign on his soldiers shields and go forth to conquer. The event is more elaborately recorded in Eusebius’ The Life of ConstantineIn 313, he and co-emperor, Licinius, restored to Christian their property with the Edict of Milan
Athanasius
(296-373) Served as deacon and secretary to Alexander, bishop of Alexandria at Council of Nicea (325)In 328, succeeded Alexander at AlexandriaSoon deposed by ecclesiastical enemies at Council of Tyre (335) as an opponent to politically sanctioned mediated theology. 1st exile.After the death of Constantine (337), he returned to Alexandria but was soon forced to flee again, this time to Rome. 2nd exile. Received in Rome as a champion of orthodoxyReturned to Alexandria in 346 under pressure from western emperor, Constans, but eastern emperor, Constantius exiles him again. 3rd exile, into Egypt. Met the monk Anthony and wrote Life of Anthony362 after death of Constantius, returned again to Alexandria but exiled again by Julian. 4th exile
Basil of Casearea
(330-379)Aka The Great, son of wealthy familyStudied in Cappadocia, Constantinople and AthensEmbraced asceticism under influence of Eustathius and his own sister Macrina
Gregory of Nazianzus
(329-390)Also from a wealthy family; studied rhetoric in Athens where he met BasilLived a monastic existence on family estates or with BasilConfirmed bishop of Constantinople in 380
Gregory of Nyssa
(331-395)Brother to BasilAfter 381, commissioned by Theodosius as arbitrator of Nicene orthodoxy
Pelagius
(c. 350-425)A British born moral reformer who taught in Rome; God gave humanity certain moral strictures and man was obligated to perform what God had commandedMajor adversary – Augustine of HippoPelagius objected to Augustine’s view in The Confessions that his moral will was impotent and that he could only be saved with God’s assistancePelagius’ follower, Caelestius, rejected the notion of sin as an infection in the human race; sin was in the sinningPelagius – God give grace to choose and respond
Theodore of Mopsuestia
Disciple of Diodore of TarsusChief among the Syrian schoolHis views debated at Council of Ephesus by chief pupil, Nestorius; Cyril considered him a precursor to NestoriusEventually condemned at 2nd Council of Constantinople (553) and most of his writing burnedSided with Basil against the Arian EunomiusHis chief work – On the Incarnation recovered in 1905 but lost during WW1He along with John Chrysostom considered the best ancient commentators of Paul
Ambrose
(339-397)Bishop of Milan (374-397), son of a Praetorian prefect of GaulEducated in rhetoric & philosophy at Rome; studied law; politically connectedIn 374, he restored order after riots broke out over successor to the Arian bishop Auxentius. This cause him to be pressed into the bishops position after a hasty baptismBecame a spokesman for Nicene Christianity and a model bishopHe devoted himself to the study of theology and biblical exegesis, and became fluent in GreekHis preaching was moralistic, asceticalDenied the Arians freedom of worship at MilanHe expressed the important view – “The emperor indeed is within the church, not above the church”; he subsequently excommunicated Theosodius 1 for assailing the city of Thessalonica, who accept public penance and passed laws to outlaw paganism
Augustine
Greatest among the western fathers; father was a pagan (Patricius) mother was Monica, a believerAs a youth, a wealthy patron, Romanianus, paid for his educationHis mother pressed him to be baptized; took up with a concubine; had a son AdeodatusFor a while (ten yrs) he became a hearer of MancheanismHe became a professor of rhetoric at Milan; put away his long-time consort to marry for advantage but in his remorse turned to sexual promiscuityInfluenced by Ambrose and eventually submits to Christ (see Confessions) Returns to Rome in 388, mother dies, then moved back to AfricaIn 391, on a visit o Hippo Regius, he is seized upon by the citizenry and forceably ordained by the bishop, Valerius; eventually becomes his successorHis leadership suspect when word circulates over former profligate life, esp. among the Donatists with whom he later contendsBetween 399-419 he wrote On the TrinityBetween 412-427 he wrote City of GodHis opponents included Manicheans, Donatists, Pelgians, and AriansBy the late 6th century, Gregory the Great declares him to be the preeminent theologian of the Latin church
Jerome
(347-420) Considered the most important biblical scholar of the early Western churchBorn in Stridon, studied Latin, came to Rome ca.360Converted in 366 and adopted ascetic lifestyleCa. 372, he adopted a hermit’s life, living in the East; studied Greek at Antioch; later moved to desert at Chalis in Syria for 5 yrs & studied Hebrew; ordained a priest but never servedHe was influenced by the two GregorysThe pope’s personal secretary 382-385 (Damasus)Commissioned by Damasus to produce a good Latin version from the Greek – became the VulgateWrote commentaries on Genesis, the Psalms, Matthew, Mark, Revelation
Benedict of Nursia
(c. 480-540) Father of Western monasticism; small following during his own day; Gregory the Great made him famousBorn in a small Apennine village, studied in Rome; turned off to worldliness of RomeEstablished a community at Monte Cassino, a hilltop ½ way between Rome and NaplesCharlemagne insisted on the Benedictine Rule to characterize all monasteriesThe Rule emphasized poverty, chastity, obedience