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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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There are two major classes, ______
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saponifiable and nonsaponifiable
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two major classes are classified according to
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based on their reactivity with strong bases
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The nonsaponifiable classes include the ______ vitamins (A, E) and cholesterol.
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"fat-soluble"
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The nonsaponifiable classes include the "fat-soluble" vitamins (A, E) and ______.
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cholesterol.
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The ______ classes include the "fat-soluble" vitamins (A, E) and cholesterol.
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nonsaponifiable
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Saponifiable lipids can be hydrolized by_______
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OH-
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Saponification is the process that produces
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soaps from the reaction of lipids and a strong base
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The saponifiable lipids contain ______ ______ ______ ______, or fatty acids, esterified to a “backbone” molecule, which is either glycerol or sphingosine.
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long chain carboxylic acids
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The saponifiable lipids contain long chain carboxylic acids, or ______ ______,esterified to a “backbone” molecule, which is either glycerol or sphingosine.
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fatty acids
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The saponifiable lipids contain long chain carboxylic acids, or fatty acids, esterified to a “backbone” molecule, which is either g______ or sp______.
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glycerol or sphingosine.
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The ______ saponifiable lipids are triacylglycerides, glycerophospholipids, and the sphingolipids
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major
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The major saponifiable lipids are tr______, glycerophospholipids, and the sphingolipids
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triacylglycerides
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The major saponifiable lipids are triacylglycerides, g______, and the sphingolipids
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glycerophospholipids
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The major saponifiable lipids are triacylglycerides, glycerophospholipids, and the sp______,
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sphingolipids
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The major saponifiable lipids are
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triacylglycerides, glycerophospholipids, and the sphingolipids
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Spingosine is the backbone for ______lipids
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spingolipids
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Sp______ is the backbone for spingolipids
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Spingosine
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Spingosine has a long ______ group connected at C1 and a free amine at C2, as a backbone
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alkyl group
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Spingosine has a long alkyl group connected at C1 and a free ______ at C2, as a backbone
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amine
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Sp______ has a long alkyl group connected at C1 and a free amine at C2, as a backbone
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Spingosine
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dodecanoic acid
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Lauric acid
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Lauric/dodecanoic acid chem formula
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CH3(CH2)10COOH
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tetradecanoic acid
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Myristic acid
Myristic acid Myristic acid |
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Myrisstic/tetradecanoic acid
chem formula |
CH3(CH2)12COOH
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Hexadecanoic acid
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Palmitic acid
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Palmitic acid
chem formula |
CH3(CH2)14COOH
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Stearic acid
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Octadecanoic acid
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Stearic acid/octadecanoic chem formula
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CH3(CH2)16COOH
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Arachoidic acid
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Eicosanoic acid
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Eicosanoic acid
chem formula |
CH3(CH2)18COOH
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Palmitoleic acid aka
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Hexadecenoic acid
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Palmitoleic/Hexadecenoic acid
saturated/unsaturated? |
unsaturated
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Palmitoleic/Hexadecenoic acid
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CH3(CH2)5CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH
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Oleic acid aka
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9-Octadecenoic acid
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Oleic acid/9-Octadecenoic acid
chem formula |
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH-(CH2)7COOH
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Linoleic acid aka
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9,12 -Octadecadienoic acid
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Linoleic acid/9,12 -Octadecadienoic acid
chem structure |
CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH
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Linoleic acid/9,12 -Octadecadienoic acid
sat/unsat? |
unsaturated
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a-Linolenic acid aka
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9,12,15 -Octadecatrienoic acid
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a-Linolenic acid/9,12,15 -Octadecatrienoic acid chemical structure
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CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH
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a-Linolenic acid/9,12,15 -Octadecatrienoic acid sat/unsat?
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unsaturated
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arachidonic acid aka
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5,8,11,14- Eicosatetraenoic acid
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arachidonic acid/5,8,11,14- Eicosatetraenoic acid chemical formula
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CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH
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arachidonic acid/5,8,11,14- Eicosatetraenoic acid sat/unsat?
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unsaturated
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EPA aka
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5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic- acid
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EPA/5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic- acid chemical formula
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CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH
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EPA/5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic- acid sat/unsat?
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unsaturated
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DHA aka
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Docosohexaenoic acid
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DHA/Docosohexaenoic acid
chem formula |
22:6w3
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DHA/Docosohexaenoic acid sat/unsat?
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unsaturated
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symbolic name: given as x:y (D a,b,c) where x is the number of ______'s in the chain, y is the number of double bonds, and a, b, and c are the positions of the start of the double bonds counting from C1 - the carboxyl C.
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number of C’s
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symbolic name: given as x:y (D a,b,c) where x is the number of C’s in the chain, y is the number of ______ bonds, and a, b, and c are the positions of the start of the double bonds counting from C1 - the carboxyl C.
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double bonds
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symbolic name: given as x:y (D a,b,c) where x is the number of C’s in the chain, y is the number of double bonds, and a, b, and c are the ______ of the start of the double bonds counting from C1 - the carboxyl C.
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positions
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symbolic name: given as x:y (D a,b,c) where x is the number of C’s in the chain, y is the number of double bonds, and a, b, and c are the positions of the start of the double bonds counting from ______- the carboxyl C.
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C1
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symbolic name: given as ______ where x is the number of C’s in the chain, y is the number of double bonds, and a, b, and c are the positions of the start of the double bonds counting from C1 - the carboxyl C.
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x:y (D a,b,c)
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Saturated fatty acids contain some/no C-C double bonds
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no
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S______ fatty acids contain no C-C double bonds
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Saturated
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Monounsaturated fatty acids contain ______ C=C
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one
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______ fatty acids contain 1 C=C
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Monounsaturated
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polyunsaturated fatty acids contain ______ C=C
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more than 1
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Double bonds are usually c______.
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cis
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lauric acid, ______, 12:0
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dodecanoic acid
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_______ acid, dodecanoic acid, 12:0
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lauric acid
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lauric acid, dodecanoic acid, ______:______
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12:0
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lauric acid, dodecanoic acid, 12:0 sat/unsat
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saturated
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palmitic acid, h______ acid, 16:0
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hexadecanoic
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p______ acid, hexadecanoic acid, 16:0
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palmitic
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palmitic acid, hexadecanoic acid, ___:____
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16:0
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palmitic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 16:0 sat/unsat
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saturated
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stearic acid, o______ acid, 18:0
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octadecanic
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s______ acid, octadecanic acid, 18:0
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stearic acid
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stearic acid, octadecanic acid, ____:__
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18:0
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stearic acid, octadecanic acid, 18:0 sat/unsat
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saturated
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oleic acid, oc______ic acid, 18:1 D 9
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octadecenoic
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ol______ acid, octadecenoic acid, 18:1 D 9
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oleic
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oleic acid, octadecenoic acid, __:______
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18:1 D 9
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oleic acid, sat/unsat
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unsaturated
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linoleic acid, oc______ic acid, 18:2 D 9,12
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octadecadienoic
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l______ic acid, octadecadienoic acid, 18:2 D 9,12
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linoleic
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linoleic acid, octadecadienoic acid, ___:_____
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18:2 D 9,12
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a-linolenic acid, octa______ic acid, 18:3 D 9,12,15 (n-3)
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octadecatrienoic acid
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alpha-______ic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, 18:3 D 9,12,15 (n-3)
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a-linolenic acid
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a-linolenic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, ______
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18:3 D 9,12,15 (n-3)
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a-linolenic acid, octadecatrienoic acid, 18:3 D 9,12,15 (n-3) saturated/unsaturated?
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unsaturated
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arachidonic acid, ei______ic acid, 20:4 D 5,8,11,14 (n-6)
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eicosatetraenoic acid
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ar______ic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, 20:4 D 5,8,11,14 (n-6)
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arachidonic acid
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arachidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, 20:4 D 5,8,11,14 (n-6)
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20:4 D 5,8,11,14 (n-6)
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arachidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, 20:4 D 5,8,11,14 (n-6) sat/unsat?
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unsaturated
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eicosapentenoic acid (EPA), 20:5 D 5,8,11,14,17 (n-3) Note: sometimes written as eicosapentaenoic
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sapentaenoic
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eicosapentenoic acid (______), 20:5 D 5,8,11,14,17 (n-3)
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EPA
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eicosapentenoic acid (EPA), 20:______
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20:5 D 5,8,11,14,17 (n-3)
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eicosapentenoic acid (EPA), sat/unsat?
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unsaturated
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docosahexenoic acid (____) 22:6 D4,7,10,13,16,19 (n-3)
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DHA
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docosahexenoic acid (DHA) 22:______ Note: sometimes written as docosahexaenoic
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22:6 D4,7,10,13,16,19 (n-3)
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docosahexenoic acid (DHA) Note: sometimes written as do______ic
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docosahexaenoic
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all naturally occurring double bonds are _____
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cis
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For saturated fatty acids, the melting point increases with ______ _______ ______,
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C chain length
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RE: sat fats, why does MP increase with C chain length?
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to increased likelihood of van der Waals (London or induced dipole) interactions between the overlapping and packed chains.
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Within chains of the same number of Cs, melting point increases/decreases with increasing number of double bonds,
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decreases
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Reasons for MP decreases in increasing number of double bonds.
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kinking of the acyl chains, followed by decreased packing and reduced intermolecular forces (IMFs).
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T/F.Fatty acid composition differs in different organisms,
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True
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diets high in fish that contain abundant ______ fatty acids, in particular EPA and DHA, reduce inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
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n-3 fatty acids
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diets high in fish that contain abundant n-3 fatty acids, in particular ____ and ____.
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EPA and DHA
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EPA and DHA ______ inflammation and cardiovascular disease.
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reduce
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The most common polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) in our diet are the n-___ and n-____ classes
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n-3 and n-6 classes
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Most abundant in the n-6 class in plant food is li______ic acid (18:2n-6, or 18:2D9,12
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linoleic acid
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Most abundant in the n-3 class in plant food is li______ic acid (18:3n-3 or 18:3D9,12,15)
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linolenic acid
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linoleic acid (18:2n-6, or 18:2D9,12) is a biosynthetic precursor of ar______ic acid (20:4n-6 or 20:4D5,8,11,14)
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arachidonic a
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linolenic acid (18:3n-3, or 18:3D9,12,15) is a biosynthetic precursor of ei______ic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3 or 20:5D5,8,11,14,17)
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eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA
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linolenic acid (18:3n-3, or 18:3D9,12,15) is also a biosynthetic precursor of doco______ic acid (DHA,
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docosahexaenoic acid (DHA,
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precursor fatty acids are substrates for in______ enzymes
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intracelluar enzymes
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examples of intracelluar enzymes are _________,_______ and __________.
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elongases, desaturases, and beta-oxidation type enzymes
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essential precursor fatty acids substrates in ______ and _____
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endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisome
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human brain development might have required the consumption of f______ which is highly enriched in arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids.
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fish
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A large percent of the brain consists of lipids, which are highly enriched in ar______ic and docosahexaenoic acids.
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arachidonic
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A large percent of the brain consists of lipids, which are highly enriched in arachidonic and do______ic acids.
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docosahexaenoic acid
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These acids are/are not necessary for the proper development of the human brain
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ARE
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deficiencies in ______ and ______ might contribute to cognitive disorders like ADHD, dementia, and dyslexia.
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arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids
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The mechanism for the protective effects of n-3 fatty acids in health relates to prosta______ synthesis and signal transduction.
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prostaglandins
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The mechanism for the protective effects of n-3 fatty acids in health relates to prostaglandins synthesis and ______ transduction.
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signal transduction
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Saturated fatty acids chains can exist in many conformations resulting from
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free rotation around the C-C bonds of the acyl ch
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Glycerol is an chiral/achiral molecule, since C2 has two identical substituents, -CH2OH
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achiral
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Glycerol in the body can be chemically converted to tri______ and phospholipids (PL) which are chiral, and which exist in one enantiomeric form.
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triacylglycerides
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Glycerol in the body can be chemically converted to triacylglycerides and ______ (PL) which are chiral, and which exist in one enantiomeric form.
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phospholipids
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glycerol has the potential to become chiral by modifying one of two identical substituents.) so it is said to be ______.
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prochiral
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Biochemists use ____ and _____ for lipid, sugar, and amino acid stereochemistry, instead of the R,S nomenclature used in organic chemistry.
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L and D
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The stereochemical designation of all the sugars, amino acids, and glycerolipids can be determined from the absolute configuration of L- and D-gly______
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glyceraldehydeglyceraldehyde
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