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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How to print working directory |
pwd |
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List files and directories in a directory |
ls |
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How to change directories |
cd |
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Change to previous working directory |
cd - |
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ls options to view all files and directories |
-a |
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ls option to print a verbose list |
-l |
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ls option to sort by time |
-t |
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ls option to print details about directory |
-d |
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ls option to list file size in human readable format |
-h |
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ls option to display results in reverse order |
-r |
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ls option to sort by size |
-s |
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Command used to print a brief description about a file |
file |
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Command that is used to open file viewing program |
less |
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Less key to scroll back a page |
b |
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Less key to scroll forward one page |
space |
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Less key to scroll to end of page |
G |
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Less key to move to beging of page |
g |
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Less key to search for charactesr |
/[characters] |
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Less key to move to next result in search |
n |
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Directory that contains binaries that must be present for the system to boot |
/bin |
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Directory that contains the linux kernal, initial RAM disk image and the boot loader |
/boot |
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Directory that contains the device nodes |
/dev |
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Directory that contains all of the system-wide configuration files |
/etc |
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File that defines the automated jobs that will run |
/etc/crontab |
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File that lists the user accounts |
/etc/passwd |
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Directory that holds shared library files for the system |
/lib |
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Directory where removable media is mounted |
/media |
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Directory were optional software is installed |
/opt |
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Home directory for root account |
/root |
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Directory that contains the system binaries |
/sbin |
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Directory for temporary transient files |
/tmp |
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Directory that contain all the programs and support files used by regular users |
/usr |
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Directory that contains the executable programs installed by your linux distribution |
/usr/bin |
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Directory for shared libraries in /usr/bin |
/usr/lib |
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Directory for programs not included with distribution, but intended for system wide use are installed. |
/usr/local |
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Directory for all shared data used by programs in /usr/bin |
/usr/share |
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Directory where data that is likely to change is stored |
/var |
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Directory that contains log files |
/var/log |
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Wildcard that matches any character |
* |
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Wildcard that matches a single character |
? |
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Wildcard that is a member of a set of characters |
[characters] |
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Wildcard that is not a member of the set of characters |
[!characters] |
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Wildcard that is a member of the specified class |
[[:class:]] |
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Characters class for alphanumeric characters |
[:alnum:] |
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Character class for alphabetic characters |
[:alpha:] |
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Character class for any number |
[:digit:] |
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Character class for any lowercase letter |
[:lower:] |
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Character class for any uppercase letter |
[:upper:] |
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Command to create a directory |
mkdir |
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Command to copy files or directories |
cp <source> <destination> |
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Copy argument to copy all of the files attributes |
-a |
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Copy argument to prompt user before overwritting |
-i |
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Copy argument to perform a recursive copy |
-r |
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Copy argument to copy only files that either don't exist or are newer that the existing corresponding files in the destination directory |
-u |
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Copy argument to display information messages as the copy is performed |
-v |
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Command to move or rename a file or directory |
mv <source> <destination> |
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Move argument to prompt user before overwritting a file |
-i |
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Move argument to only move files that either don't exist in the destination folder or are newer than the existing corresponding files in the destination directory |
-u |
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Move argument that displays information messages as the move is performed |
-v |
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Command to remove files and directories |
rm |
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Remove argument that prompts the user before deleting a file |
-i |
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Remove argument that recursively deletes directories |
-r |
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Remove argument that ignores nonexistent files |
-f |
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Remove argument that displays information as deletion is performed |
-v |
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Command to create hard symbolic link |
ln <file> <link> |
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Command to create a symbolic link |
ln -s <file> <link> |
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Command to find out the type of a command |
type <command> |
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Command to display the location of an executable |
which |
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Command to get help from shell builtins |
help |
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Option many commands have to display a description of the command |
--help |
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Command to display the programs manual page |
man <command> |
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Command used to find appropriate commands |
apropos <keyword> |
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Command to display a very brief description of a command |
whatis <command> |
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How to put multiple commands on one line |
Separate the commands with a semicolon |
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Command to assign an alias |
alias <newcommand>='<commands>' |
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Command to remove an alias |
unalias |
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Command to see all aliases in a system |
alias <no arguments> |
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Character(s) to redirect standard output of a file |
> |
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Character(s) to redirect standard output to a file and append new content |
>> |
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Character(s) to redirect standard error |
2> |
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Bit bucket directory that accepts input and does nothing with it |
/dev/null |
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Command that reads one more more files and copies them to standard output |
cat |
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Character(s) used to redirect standard input |
< |
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Character(s) used to pipe commands |
<command> | <command> |
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Command used to sort lines |
sort |
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Command used to remove duplicats |
uniq |
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Argument for Unique command to list duplicates instead of removing them |
-d |
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Command used to report number of lines, words and bytes |
wc Output: <lines> <words> <bytes> |
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Wordcount argument used to only output number of lines |
-l |
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Command used to print lines matching a patter |
grep |
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Command used to print the first n lines of a file |
head |
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Command used to print the last n lines of a file |
tail |
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Argument to adjust head and tail display line count |
-n |
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Argument to adjust the tail command so that the file can be viewed as it is updated |
-f |
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Command that reads from stdin and outputs to stdout and files |
tee <file> |
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Display a line of text |
echo |
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Expand home directory |
~ |
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Arithmetic expansion |
$(( expression )) |
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Brace Expansion |
{} {A,B,C} {1..5} {A{1,2},B{3,4}} |
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Parameter expansion |
$<Parameter> |
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See a list of all variables |
printenv |
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Command Substitution |
$(command) |
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Suppress all expansion except for $, \ and ` |
Double quotes |
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Suppress all expansion |
Single quotes |
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Clear the screen |
clear |
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Display the contents of the history list |
history |
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Move cursor to the beginning of the line |
Ctrl + A |
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Move the cursor to the end of the line |
Ctrl + E |
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Move cursor forward on character |
ctrl + F |
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Move cursor backward on character |
Ctrl + B |
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Move cursor forward one word |
Alt + F |
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Move cursor backward one word |
Alt + B |
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Clear the screen and move the cursor to the top left corner |
Ctrl + L |
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Delete the character at the cursor location |
Ctrl + D |
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Transpose(exchange) the character at the cursor location with the one preceding it |
Ctrl + T |
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Transpose the word at the cursor location with the one preceding it. |
Alt + T |
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Convert the characters from the cursor location to the end of the word to lowercase |
Alt + L |
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Convert the characters from the cursor location to the end of the word to uppercase |
Alt + U |
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Kill text from the cursor location to the end of line |
Ctrl + K |
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Kill text from the cursor location to the beginning of the line |
Ctrl + U |
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Kill Text from the cursor location to the end of the current word |
Alt + D |
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Kill the text from the cursor location to the beginning of the current word. If the cursor is at the beginning of a word, kill the previous word |
Alt + Backspace |
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Yank text from the kill ring and insert it at the cursor location |
Ctrl + Y |
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Execute a command in the history |
!<history number> |
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Reverse incremental Search |
Ctrl + R |
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Move to the previous history entry |
Ctrl + P or up arrow |
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Move to the next history entry |
Ctrl + N or down arrow |
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Move to the beginning of the history list |
alt < |
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Move to the end of the history list |
alt > |
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Reverse search, non-incremental |
alt p |
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Forward search, non-incremental |
Alt N |
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Execute the current item in the history list and advance to the next one |
Ctrl O |
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Repeat the last command |
!! |
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Repeat last history list item starting with string |
! string |
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Repeat last history list item containing string |
!? string |
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Find out info about your identity |
id |
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Symbol for a regular file in ls -l |
- |
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Symbol for a directory in ls -l |
d |
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A symbol for a symbolic link in ls -l |
l |
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What is the order of permission of a file |
owner group world |
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Command to change a files permissions |
chmod |
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How does octal permissions work? |
A 1 is active and a 0 is disabled. The order of permission types is read write and execute
example 101 = 5 = read and execute |
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How does character permission work? |
Specify who the change will be affecting then a + or minus to symbolize permission being added and then a character for each permission |
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chmod symbol for the file owner |
u |
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chmod symbol for the group owner |
g |
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chmod symbol for other |
o |
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chmod symbol for all |
a |
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Set default permissions |
umask |
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Start the shell as another user |
su |
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su argument to load the users enviroment |
-l |
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su argument to execute a command |
su -c '<command>' |
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Command that allows users to execute commands as other users in a very controlled manner |
sudo |
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sudo argument to see granted privileges |
-l |
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Change a file owner and group |
chown [owner] [:[group]] <file> |
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Change a files group |
chgrp |
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Change password |
passwd [user] |
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Simple command to view a snap shot of processes |
ps |
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What is the TIME field in the ps output |
The amount of CPU time consumed by the process |
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ps argument to show all process regardless of what terminal controls them |
x |
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popular group of arguments for ps |
aux |
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command to see dynamic view of the machines activity |
top |
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start a process in the background |
<command to start process> & |
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return a process to the forground |
fg %<job number> |
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How to pause a processes |
ctrl + z |
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Move a program to the background |
bg %<job number> |
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Command used to terminate a process |
kill <pid> kill %<job number> |
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Command used to kill process by name |
killall <name> |
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Command used to output process in a tree like pattern of parent to children |
pstree |
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Command to output a snapshot of system resources |
vmstat |
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A graphical program that draws a graph showing system load over time |
xload |
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A terminal program that draws a graph of the system load in the terminal |
tload |
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Command used to view both shell and environment variables |
set |
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Command used to print only the environment variables |
printenv |
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How do you start a login shell |
Start a virtual console session |
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How do you start a non-login shell |
From a gui |
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A global configuration script that applies to all users. (login shell) |
/etc/profile |
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A users personal startup file. Can be used to extend or override settings in the global configuration script (login shell) |
~/.bash_profile |
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If ~/.bash_profile is not found, then bash attempts to load this script (login shell) |
~/.bash_login |
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If neither ~/.bash_profile or ~/.bash_login is not found, then bash attempts to load this script (login shell) |
~/.profile |
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A global configuration script that applies to all users (non-login shell) |
/etc/bash.bashrc |
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A users personal startup file. Can be used to extend or override settings in the global configuration script (non-login shell) |
~/.bashrc |
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Command used to force bash to read a file |
source <file> |
