Linguistics Midterm

Front 1

study of language and the physical brain (neuro and electrochemical bases of language)

Back 1

neurolinguistics

Front 2

study of language and the mind--what people know, how they use that knowledge (acquisition, storage, comprehension, production)

Back 2

psycholinguistics

Front 3

perception and recognition of auditory stimuli

Back 3

temporal lobe

Front 4

higher thinking and language production

Back 4

frontal lobe

Front 5

vision

Back 5

occipital lobe

Front 6

connects 2 hemispheres

Back 6

corpus collosum

Front 7

1/4 inch thick membrane covering brain

Back 7

cortex

Front 8

bumps on surface of brain

Back 8

gyri

Front 9

depressions on surface of brain

Back 9

fissures

Front 10

separates temporal from frontal

Back 10

Sylvian fissure

Front 11

receives and identifies auditory signals and converts them into an interpretable form

Back 11

auditory cortex

Front 12

receives and interprets visual stimuli, stores pictorial images

Back 12

visual cortex

Front 13

sends signals to muscles

Back 13

motor cortex

Front 14

produces and comprehend language (for most people, located in the left hemisphere)

Back 14

language centers

Front 15

organizes articulatory patterns and directs motor cortex for speech

Back 15

Broca's area

Front 16

comprehension of words and sentences and selection of words (perception and comprehension)

Back 16

Wernicke's area

Front 17

converts visual into auditory and vice versa

Back 17

angular gyrus

Front 18

Wernicke's --> arcuate fasiculus --> Broca's area --> motor cortex

Back 18

speaking

Front 19

auditory cortex --> Wernicke's

Back 19

hearing

Front 20

visual cortex --> angular gyrus --> Wernicke's

Back 20

reading

Front 21

specialization of brain hemispheres

Back 21

lateralization

Front 22

right side of body with left side of brain

Back 22

contralateral

Front 23

inability to perceive, process, or produce language due to physical damage to the brain (left hemisphere)

Back 23

aphasia

Front 24

inhibits word production

Back 24

Broca's aphasia

Front 25

inhibits speech comprehension

Back 25

Wernicke's aphasia

Front 26

round about descriptions

Back 26

arcumlocutions

Front 27

unawareness of disturbances in own language

Back 27

anosognosia

Front 28

damage to arcuate fasciculus, which connects Broca's and Wernicke's. sufferers have Wernicke's speech, but can comprehend, just not imitate

Back 28

conduction aphasia

Front 29

inability to read and comprehend written word (angular gyrus)

Back 29

alexia

Front 30

inability to write words (angular gyrus)

Back 30

agraphia

Front 31

sending messages, planning what we want to say and instructing the proper muscles (thought process is holistic. utterance is linear)

Back 31

speech production

Front 32

minimal units that make up language

Back 32

phonetics

Front 33

the study of the transmission and physical properties of speech sounds (wanting to know the sounds produced)

Back 33

acoustic phonetics
-sound spectrograph-pictures of sounds

Front 34

the study of the perception of speech sounds (knowing what parts of the mouth are moving and in what configurations)

Back 34

auditory phonetics
-x-ray photography
-palatography-to observe contact between tongue and roof of mouth, air flow, air pressure

Front 35

sound

Back 35

phone

Front 36

like in "Let's call the whole thing off"

Back 36

impressionistic phonetic transcription

Front 37

discrete units of speech stream that can be further subdivided into category consonants and vowels

Back 37

segments

Front 38

"ride on top of" segments. apply to entire strings of consonants and vowels (tone, stress)

Back 38

suprasegmentals

Front 39

heart of the syllable

Back 39

nucleus

Front 40

simple vowels, composed of a single configuration of the vocal tract

Back 40

monopthongs

Front 41

complex vowels, composed of a sequence of two different configurations

Back 41

dipthongs

Front 42

words run together (pronunciation may be affected by surrounding words)

Back 42

running/continuous speech

Front 43

motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract with respect to some other vocal tract surface in the production of speech

Back 43

articulation

Front 44

creates sounds by exhaling

Back 44

pulmonic egressive airstream

Front 45

is the sound voiced or voiceless?
where is the airstream constricted?
how is the airstream constricted?

Back 45

consonant articulation

Front 46

contains vocal folds and glottis

Back 46

larynx (voice box)

Front 47

above the larynx, composed of oral and nasal cavities

Back 47

vocal tract

Front 48

part of the respiratory system located below the larynx

Back 48

subglottal system

Front 49

windpipe with larynx at top

Back 49

trachea

Front 50

within the larynx, folds of muscle

Back 50

vocal folds (cords)

Front 51

opening between folds

Back 51

glottis

Front 52

sounds made with vocal folds vibrating

Back 52

voiced sounds

Front 53

sounds made without vibration

Back 53

voiceless sounds

Front 54

where a constriction is made in the vocal tract

Back 54

place of articulation

Front 55

consonants are made by bringing both lips closer together (pat, bat, math, with)

Back 55

bilabial

Front 56

consonants are made with the lower lip against the front teeth (fat, vat)

Back 56

labiodental

Front 57

made with tip of tongue protruding between the front teeth (th)

Back 57

interdentals

Front 58

made with tongue tip at or near the alveolar ridge (just behind upper front teeth) (tab, dab, sip, zip, noose, loose, red)

Back 58

alveolar

Front 59

made a bit further back in the mouth (near hard palate) (leash, measure, church, judge, yes)

Back 59

palatal

Front 60

produced at soft part of roof of mouth behind the hard palate--the velum (kill, gill, sing)

Back 60

velar

Front 61

produced at larynx (between vocal folds and glottis) (high, uh oh)

Back 61

glottal

Front 62

how airstream is modified by vocal tract to produce sound

Back 62

manner of articulation

Front 63

made by obstructing the airstream completely in oral cavity

Back 63

stops

Front 64

made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract

Back 64

fricatives

Front 65

made by briefly stopping airstream completely, then releasing articulators slightly so that frication noise is produces

Back 65

affricates

Front 66

produced by lowering the velum and opening the nasal passage to the vocal tract

Back 66

nasals

Front 67

substantial constriction of vocal tract, but not narrow enough to block or cause turbulence

Back 67

liquids

Front 68

made with only a slight closure of articulators, like vowels almost

Back 68

glides

Front 69

complete obstruction of oral cavity (faster than stop)

Back 69

flap

Front 70

picture to show where tongue touches roof of mouth during an articulation (static w/ ink, dynamic w/ electrodes)

Back 70

palatography

Front 71

like "ha" with jaw open

Back 71

low vowel

Front 72

tongue body close to roof of mouth

Back 72

high vowel

Front 73

raising or lowering body of tongue
advancing or retracting the body of the tongue
rounding or not rounding lips
making movements with a tense or lax gesture

Back 73

ways to change vocal tract and vowel quality

Front 74

more extreme positions of tongue or lips

Back 74

tense

Front 75

pattern of pitch movements across a stretch of speech

Back 75

intonation

Front 76

change in fundamental frequency in middle of utterance

Back 76

pitch accents

Front 77

occur at end of phrase. represent pitch pattern right before a perceived break

Back 77

edge tones

Front 78

the study of the distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds

Back 78

phonology

Front 79

interchanging two pronunciations does not alter meaning

Back 79

noncontrastive

Front 80

changing pronunciation changes meaning even when words are similar

Back 80

contrastive

Front 81

a class of speech sounds that seem to be variants of the same sound

Back 81

phoneme

Front 82

each member of a particular phoneme class which responds to an actual phonetic segment

Back 82

allophone

Front 83

a pair of words whose pronunciations differ by exactly one sound and that have different meanings

Back 83

minimal pair

Front 84

a difference between two or more phonetic forms that you might otherwise expect to be related

Back 84

alternation

Front 85

never uses a minimal pair to distinguish two words. you can predict which of two sounds belongs in any given context

Back 85

complementary distribution

Front 86

you may not be able to predict which sound will occur, but the choice does not affect the meaning of the word

Back 86

free variation

Front 87

sounds that can occur in the same environment

Back 87

overlapping distribution

Front 88

group of sounds in a language that share one or more articulatory or auditory property, to the exclusion of all other sounds in that language

Back 88

natural class

Front 89

produced with an obstruction of the airflow (stops, fricatives, affricates)

Back 89

obstruents

Front 90

nasals, liquids, glides, vowels

Back 90

sonorants

Front 91

cause a sound to be more like a neighboring sound with respect to some phonetic property--the segment affected by the rule takes on a property from a nearby segment

Back 91

assimilation

Front 92

two close adjacent sounds become less like each other with respect to some property by means of a change in one or both sounds

Back 92

dissimilation

Front 93

a segment not present at the phonemic level is added to the phonetic form of a word (hampster)

Back 93

insertion

Front 94

eliminate a sound that was present at the phonemic level (he handed er iz hat)

Back 94

deletion

Front 95

change the order of sounds

Back 95

metathesis

Front 96

make sounds stronger (aspiration)

Back 96

strengthening

Front 97

sounds become weaker (writer-rider)

Back 97

weakening

Front 98

the sounds that immediately precede and follow the sound in question

Back 98

environment

Front 99

the study of word making

Back 99

morphology

Front 100

what a word sounds like when spoken

Back 100

form

(meaning)

Front 101

noun, adjective, etc.

Back 101

parts of speech

Front 102

the process of creating words out of other words

Back 102

derivation (stem = root, affixes = added pieces)

Front 103

parts that words are made of

Back 103

morpheme

Front 104

can be used as words all by themselves

Back 104

free morphemes

Front 105

cannot stand alone

Back 105

bound morphemes

Front 106

have semantic meaning or dictate a change in meaning with respect to the root to which they attach

Back 106

content morphemes

Front 107

the organization of words into phrases and phrases into sentences

Back 107

syntax

Front 108

strings of words that form possible sentences of a language

Back 108

grammatical

Front 109

group of words that can function in the same way in a sentence

Back 109

lexical categories

Front 110

an input category appears in the output (NP --> NP PP)

Back 110

recursive rule (sets)

Front 111

a means of transmitting the message
(vocal, visual, chemical)

Back 111

a mode of communication

Front 112

components of the system have meaning

Back 112

semanticity

Front 113

the system serves a purpose

Back 113

pragmatic function

Front 114

individuals can both send and receive messages

Back 114

interchangeability

Front 115

individuals must learn some or all of the communication system through interaction with other individuals

Back 115

cultural transmission

Front 116

the relationship between the components of the system and what those components refer to is not logically deducible

Back 116

arbitrariness

Front 117

the system consists of isolatable, repeatable units

Back 117

discreteness

Front 118

the ability to communicate about things that are not present spatially or temporally

Back 118

displacement

Front 119

the ability to produce and understand an infinite number of utterances, many of which are novel

Back 119

productivity/creativity

Front 120

all communication systems have

Back 120

mode of communication, semanticity, pragmatic function

Front 121

only human language has

Back 121

duality of patterning, displacement, productivity

Front 122

recording of what people have spoken
texts of what people have written

Back 122

external language

Front 123

the knowledge of language, what enables you to make and understand sentences
the intended sentences, rather than how they are actually spoken

Back 123

internal language (competence...vs. performance)

Front 124

subjective rules for how language should be spoken or written
often modeled after Latin and Greek

Back 124

prescriptive grammar

Front 125

rules based on how language is actually used

Back 125

descriptive grammar

Front 126

children learn language by imitating what they hear around them

Back 126

imitation
(children make errors, say things they've never heard)

Front 127

children get positive and negative reinforcement during language learning

Back 127

reinforcement (behaviorism)
(most reinforcement relates to politeness or truth, not correctness)

Front 128

children use their general intelligence and the given data to invent rules and construct grammar

Back 128

grammar construction
(seems to be too complicated)

Front 129

learning is making neural connections; knowledge is the state of a neural network. connecting the sound with the meaning.

Back 129

connectionism
(some knowledge seems prewired)

Front 130

children learn language by interacting in a social world

Back 130

social interaction
(children often develop in the same way)

Front 131

children learn language because language is an instinct

Back 131

innateness
(vocabulary?, hard to isolate language)