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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ANTONYM
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Words that are in some sense opposite or opposite in meaning
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What are the 4 groups/types of antonyms?
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GRADABLE ANTONYMS, COMPLEMENTARY ANTONYMS, CONVERSES, AND REVERSES
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Complemntary Antonym
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Pair of antonyms such that everythign must be described by the first word, the second word, of neither; and such that saying of something that is not a member of the set denoted by teh first word implicates that it is in teh set denoted by the second
ex. married/unmarried alive/dead win/lose |
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Gradable Antonym
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Similar to Complementary Antonym, however saying "not X" does not necessarily imply "and therefore Y"
ex. wet/dry easy/hard old/young |
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Converses
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two opposing points of view; for one member of the pair to have a reference, the other must as well.
ex. lend/borrow send/recieve employer/employee in order for lending to take place, borrowing must take place as well |
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Reverses
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pairs o fowrds that suggest some kind of movement that "undoes" the movement suggested by the other
ex. right/left inside/outside put together/take apart expand/contract ascent/descent |
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Synonymy
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property of words that have the same denotation
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polysemy
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word with multiple, related meanings
ex. mole 1)small burrowing mammal 2)mole spy - a spy that burrwos for information (2) has a separate meaning but is related to (1) |
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homophony
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two words that have different meanings but sound the same
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Hyponym
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property of two words that the set of things denoted by one word is a subset of the set of things denoted by the other word
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Hypernym
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a more general term
ex. hypernym of daffodil is flower |
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Hyponym
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a more sepcfic term
ex. hyponym of flower is daffodil |
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Compositionality Principle
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principle stating that the meaning of a sentence is determined by the meaning of its words and by the syntactic structure in which they are combined
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Rules of Conversation
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The Cooperative Principle
Maxims of Conversation (Grice’s/Gricean Maxims) H.P. Grice (1913-1988) |
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Maxim of Quality
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Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence. Make your contribution truthful. |
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Maxim of Relevance
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Be relevant
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Maxim of Quantity
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Make your contribution as informative as is required.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. |
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Maxim of Manner
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Avoid obscurity of expression.
Avoid ambiguity. Be brief. Be orderly. |
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Gricean Maxims and Implicatures
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One of a set of conversational rules that regulate conversation by enforcing compliance with the Cooperative Principle
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Cooperative Principle
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principle stating that underlying a conversation is teh understanding that what one says is intended to contribute to the purpose of the conversation
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Speech Acts
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actiongs that are performed only through using language; a term that describes the use of speech emphasizing the speaker's intension or goal in producing an utterance
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Presupposition
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underlying assumption - in order to an utterance to make sense, any presuppositions must be either satisfied or accommodated
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Genetic Classification
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classification of languages that have a common origin
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typological Classification
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classification of languages that have common features
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Great Vowel Shift
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affect long tense vowels
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Proportional Analogy
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climb becomes clong - climb becomes climbed
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Paradigm Leveling
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type of morphological change in which irregular members of a paradigm become regulated through analogy
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