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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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ANTONYM
Words that are in some sense opposite or opposite in meaning
What are the 4 groups/types of antonyms?
GRADABLE ANTONYMS, COMPLEMENTARY ANTONYMS, CONVERSES, AND REVERSES
Complemntary Antonym
Pair of antonyms such that everythign must be described by the first word, the second word, of neither; and such that saying of something that is not a member of the set denoted by teh first word implicates that it is in teh set denoted by the second

ex.

married/unmarried
alive/dead
win/lose
Gradable Antonym
Similar to Complementary Antonym, however saying "not X" does not necessarily imply "and therefore Y"

ex. wet/dry
easy/hard
old/young
Converses
two opposing points of view; for one member of the pair to have a reference, the other must as well.

ex.

lend/borrow
send/recieve
employer/employee

in order for lending to take place, borrowing must take place as well
Reverses
pairs o fowrds that suggest some kind of movement that "undoes" the movement suggested by the other

ex.

right/left
inside/outside
put together/take apart
expand/contract
ascent/descent
Synonymy
property of words that have the same denotation
polysemy
word with multiple, related meanings

ex. mole
1)small burrowing mammal
2)mole spy - a spy that burrwos for information

(2) has a separate meaning but is related to (1)
homophony
two words that have different meanings but sound the same
Hyponym
property of two words that the set of things denoted by one word is a subset of the set of things denoted by the other word
Hypernym
a more general term

ex. hypernym of daffodil is flower
Hyponym
a more sepcfic term

ex. hyponym of flower is daffodil
Compositionality Principle
principle stating that the meaning of a sentence is determined by the meaning of its words and by the syntactic structure in which they are combined
Rules of Conversation
 The Cooperative Principle
 Maxims of Conversation (Grice’s/Gricean Maxims)
 H.P. Grice (1913-1988)
Maxim of Quality
 Do not say what you believe to be false.
 Do not say for which you lack adequate evidence.
 Make your contribution truthful.
Maxim of Relevance
Be relevant
Maxim of Quantity
Make your contribution as informative as is required.
 Do not make your contribution more informative than
is required.
Maxim of Manner
 Avoid obscurity of expression.
 Avoid ambiguity.
 Be brief.
 Be orderly.
Gricean Maxims and Implicatures
One of a set of conversational rules that regulate conversation by enforcing compliance with the Cooperative Principle
Cooperative Principle
principle stating that underlying a conversation is teh understanding that what one says is intended to contribute to the purpose of the conversation
Speech Acts
actiongs that are performed only through using language; a term that describes the use of speech emphasizing the speaker's intension or goal in producing an utterance
Presupposition
underlying assumption - in order to an utterance to make sense, any presuppositions must be either satisfied or accommodated
Genetic Classification
classification of languages that have a common origin
typological Classification
classification of languages that have common features
Great Vowel Shift
affect long tense vowels
Proportional Analogy
climb becomes clong - climb becomes climbed
Paradigm Leveling
type of morphological change in which irregular members of a paradigm become regulated through analogy