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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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semantics
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main area of linguistics concerned with meaning
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lexical semantics
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meanings of individual words
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linguistic meaning
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semantic meaning (definition)
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speaker meaning
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intended meaning of the speaker
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idiom
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phrases that can convey non-literal meaning
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semantic relations b/w words
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hyponymy, synonymy, antonymy, ambiguity
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hyponymy
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meaning of a word includes or entails that of another word
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antonym
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words that share one aspect of meaning but are opposite in terms of each other
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synonymy
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words/ expressions that mean the same thing
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ambiguity
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words with multiple semantic interpretations
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semantic interpretation depends not just on the meaning of lexical items, but also on...
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...how lexical items are combined; semantic interpretation is partially determined by the syntax
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advantages of writing systems
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- store for knowledge greater than individual memory
- lasts beyond the individual - retains consistency |
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precursors to writing systems
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- Diepkloof eggshells
- Blombos caves - Petroglyphs - Counting tokens |
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cuneiform
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earliest known writing system; sumerian ideagrams
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pictographic script
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picture/ symbol represents whole word/ concept
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syllabic script
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symbol represents possible syllable
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morphemic script
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symbol represents a morpheme
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phonemic scripts
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symbol/ symbols represent individual phoneme
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rebus principle
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refers to the practice of using existing symbols, such as pictograms, purely for their sound regardless of their meaning, to represent new words
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emoticons
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strings of text characters that, when viewed sideways, form a face and convey a particular emotion
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2 sister species of humans
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Homo denisova, Neanderthal
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2 cousin species of humans
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Homo erectus, Homo floriziesus
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LCA
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Homo hidobrigensus
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2 key genes related to language and the brain
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FOXP2, Sargap2C
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language "evolution"
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animal language --> PROTOLANGUAGE --> human language
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physical reasons humans developed language
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bigger brain, larynx, genes
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language processing occurs in...
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Broca's area
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front part of the brain's left hemisphere
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Wernicke's area
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area of left hemisphere in temporal lobe
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Broca's aphasia
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loss of ability to express oneself
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Wernicke's aphasia
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loss of ability to understand what is being said or read
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linguistic competence
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the knowledge of a language represented by the mental grammar that accounts for the speakers' linguistic ability and creativity (unconscious knowledge)
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linguistic performance
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the use of linguistic competence in the production and comprehension of langauge
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prescriptivism
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the idea that there is one standard or correct way to speak a language
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proto-Indo-European
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languages including Latin, Sanskrit, Greek, German, and English are thought to derive from this one common language spoken around 6000-8000 years ago
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English belongs to the __________ language family
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Germanic
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languages that had an influence (especially in providing loan words) in English
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French, Latin, German
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regional dialect
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regional or geographic difference in the use of language
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social dialect
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socio-economic/ class differences in the use of language
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dialect
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variation in the use of langauge by speakers of the same native language
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The Nostratic Hypothesis
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the idea that some of the world's major language families may derive from a common root language spoken during the last ice age
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Black Sea Deluge Theory
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may explain the initial migration of the Proto-Indoeuropeans across Europe and Asia 6500 years ago
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parameters and the lexicon are responsible for...
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...the variation we see in human langauge
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characteristics of human language that make it unique
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- contain nounie and verbie constituents
- contain bound and free morphemes - no such thing as a primitive language |
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morpho-syntactic features of language provide the structure that allows us to link...
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...sound and meaning
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poverty of the stimulus argument shows...
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- human language is an infinite system
- infinite systems are unlearnable - human syntactic abilities are innate |
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word
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collection of phonetic-phonological features, morpho-syntactic features, and semantic features
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explanatory adequacy
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linguistic theory must provide explanation for observational data, native-speaker judgements/ intuitions, and language acquisition
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