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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is anthropology? |
The study of all people at all times and in all places |
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About how many languages are there? |
About 7,000 |
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Where are language studies found in departments other than anthropology? |
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What subjects are also tied to linguistics? |
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What are prescriptive rules in regards to language? |
Rules that prescribe how people should use a language |
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What are descriptive rules in regards to language? |
Descriptive statements about how a language works |
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What is ethnocentrism? |
Judging other cultures in terms of your own cultures, and viewing own culture as superior |
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What is cultural relativism? |
The idea that values and customs of a culture should be understood within the context of that culture and should not be judged by the standards or norms of a different culture. |
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What is culture shock? |
The disorientation and anxiety that occurs when social expectations are not met. |
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What are the methods used in linguistics? |
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In language, what does it mean to encode and decode a message? |
To put a message into code and then to react to a message in a way that reflects the reason that the sender encoded |
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What is linguistic competence? |
The (mostly) subconscious knowledge of language that allows a speaker to create a potentially infinite number of messages |
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What is linguistic performance? |
The application of linguistic competence to actually producing an utterance |
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What is redundancy? |
When the same message (or elements of a message) is encoded in different ways and is simultaneously sent to the receiver of the message |
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What is synchrony? |
The connection and relationship between two or more things that occur at the same time |
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What is meant by the characteristic of arbitrariness in language? |
The relationship between the form and meaning of most words is arbitrary, but some are iconic or onomatopoeic (but even these vary culture) |
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What is meant by the characteristic of productivity in language? |
The property that says there is no limit to the number of messages which can be conveyed. |
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What is meant by the characteristic of displacement in language? |
The ability to communicate about other times, places, and realities |
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What is meant by the characteristic of cultural transmission in language? |
That it is passed down within a culture as children interact with speakers of the language |
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What is meant by the characteristic of discreteness in language? |
That the basic sound units of speech can be categorized as belong to distinct categories; a small change in form can indicate a big change in meaning |
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What is meant by the characteristic of duality in language? |
Units of human sound have no meaning alone, only once the are combined do they have meaning |
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Which characteristic is rare in other communication systems? |
Displacement |
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What is not present regarding transmission in language? |
A genetic component |
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What is prevarication? |
The ability to communicate about things that are not verifiable, things for which there is no empirical proof. |
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What are four properties of language that don't fall under Hockett's properties? |
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What are some examples of how Hockett's properties apply to animal communication? |
Bee Dances Bird Calls Bird Songs |
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Washoe Study 1. Who? 2. Technique? 3. Result? |
1. Gardeners 2. Stimulating environment, similar to that of a child, immersion in language, molding, rewards 3. By age 5, 133 signs, many combinations |
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Nim Study 1. Who? 2. Technique? 3. Result? |
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Kanzi Study 1. Who? 2. Technique? |
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What were the results of the Kanzi study? |
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What is the Clever Hans effect? |
The name given to the fact that a nonhuman or human's behavior might be influenced or directed by subtle and often unintentional cues of others. In terms of experimentation, these cues might reflect a researcher's expectations of what the results of the experiment should be. |
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What did researcher Pepperberg believe about Alex the Parrot? |
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Gesture calls vs. Language |
Gesture Calls Language Controlled? No Yes Graded/discrete? Graded Discrete Displacement? No Yes Refer to out- No Yes side world? |
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How is American's tendency to speak loudly sometimes interpreted by Britons? |
Anger |
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How does Briton's tendency to speak quietly sometimes interpreted by Americans? |
That they are being secretive |
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What are quotable gestures? |
Gestures that are almost like words in that they have clear meanings are culture specific |
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What are quotable vocalizations? |
Vocalizations with clear meanings that we would not consider words. |
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What is a form of nonverbal communication that can vary according to the situation? |
Silence |
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What, specifically, is primarily given through nonverbal communication? |
Emotional information - 90% |
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What are ways that physical appearance are a form of nonverbal communication? |
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What is physical appearance dependent on in regards to nonverbal communication? |
Dress Body Adornments Physical Characteristics |
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What is considered an intimate distance? |
0 to 1 1/2 feet |
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What is considered a personal distance? |
1 1/2 to 4 feet |
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What is considered a social distance? |
4 -12 feet |
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What is considered a public distance? |
12 - 25 feet |
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How does sign language differ from spoken language? |
Channel of transmission |
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How does sign language fulfill the property of arbitariness? |
There may be iconic sources to help students learn, but they are not part of the acquisition process for children. |
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How does sign language fulfill the property of productivity? |
New signs can be added as needed |
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How does sign language fulfill the property of cultural transmission? |
It is learned from environment, not genetically. |
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How does sign language fulfill the property of displacement? |
There are signs to indicate other times, places, or reality as needed. |
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How does sign language fulfill the property of discreteness? |
Signs are distinguishable by distinct, discrete boundaries |
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How does sign language fulfill the property of duality? |
"Prime" signs only carry meaning in combination with others |
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ASL vs. Signed Exact English |
They are different languages with different grammatical rules. ASL requires fewer signs than SEE |
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What is MCE? |
Manually Coded English - a variety of invented forms of forms of signing based on oral English grammar, with the signs, most of which are borrowed from ASL, directly represented English |
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What is contact sign? |
A form of sign analogous to oral pidgin languages that is used by signer and interpreter to communicate about specific things (example: CASE - conceptually accurate signed English) |
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What language is ASL closest to? |
French Sign Language |
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What is fingerspelling? |
Different hand shapes represent different letters of the alphabet. Words of an oral language can be spelled directly. |
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What is a parameter of a sign? |
Any feature or type of feature of a sign |
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What are NMGs? |
Non-manual grammatical signs that create variation within a single sign, such as movement of brows, mouth, shoulders, head, and body |
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What is the "window" of exposure for the acquisition of a language? |
0 - 7 |
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What do people within the Deaf community share? |
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What does it mean to say a person is deaf? |
Sound has no meaning for that person. |
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What does it mean to say a person is hard of hearing? |
They are able to use amplification to access varying degrees of understanding of oral language. |
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What are cultural things that the Deaf community also share? |
Art Literature Entertainment Political Views |
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What do people within the Deaf culture share pride in? |
Their Culture and Their Deafness |
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What is a person referring to when they spell deaf with a capital "D"? |
The cultural community and the members of that community. |
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When did the Nicaraguan Sign Language develop? |
1980s |
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How did the NSL start developing? |
When the government brought deaf children together for education. |
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How did students first try to start communicating at the school for the deaf? |
Using their home signs |
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What happened to the home signs the children had been using? |
They became more complicated and turned into the sign equivalent of a pidgin, and then creole, language. |
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Who was mostly responsible at the deaf school for turning the sign creole-like language into a full-fledged language? |
The younger children |
