Linguistics Chpt 9-11

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Phsycholinguistic

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Study of linguistic performance in speech (or sign) production and comprehension

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Acoustic

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Physical description of speech sounds

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Fundamental Frequency

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The rate at which vocal chords vibrate; perceived as pitch.

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Intensity

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The magnitude of an acoustic signal; perceived as loudness.

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Spectogram/Voiceprint

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A visual representation of speech decomposed into component frequencies.

X-axis= time

Y-axis=frequency

gray=intensity

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Formants

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A band of frequencies of higher intensity than surrounding frequencies; represented by dark lines.

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Lexical Access

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Word recognition; the process of search the mental lexicon to determine if a phonological string is an actual word.

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Top-Down Processing

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Process by which we use higher -level information to predict what is to follow in a signal; general to specific.

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Bottom-Up Processing

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Process by which we move from the individual components of an acoustic signal to interpretation of the whole.

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Lexical Decision

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Task of psycholinguistic experiment participants who on presentation of a spoken or printed stimulus must decided whether it is a word or not.

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Semantic Priming

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The effect of being able to recognize a word after being presented with another semantically related word. Eg. "nurse" primes "doctor"

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Naming Task

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Experimental technique that measures the response time between seeing a printed word and saying that word aloud.

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Garden Path Sentences

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Sentences that initially appear to be ungrammatical, but with further syntactic processing turn out to be grammatical.

E.g. The horse raced past the barn fell

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Minimal Attachment

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Principle in language comprehension, listeners create the simplest structure consistent with the grammar.

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Late Closure

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Principle in language comprehension, listeners attach incoming material to the phrase that was most recently processed.

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Shadowing Task

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Psycholinguistic experimental task in which participants are asked to repeat what they hear as rapidly as possible.

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Spoonerism

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Speech error in which phonemic segments are reversed or exchanged.

E.g. You have hissed my mystery lecture instead of You have missed my history lecture.

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Computational Phonetics and Phonology

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Concerned with processing speech; main goals are converting speech to text on the comprehension side, and text to speech on the production side.

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Speech Recognition

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The process of analyzing the speech signal into its component phones and phonemes, and producing, in effect, a phonetic transcription of the speech.

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Speech Synthesis

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The process of creating electronic signals that simulate the phones of speech and assemble them into words and phrases for output to an electronic speaker.

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Formant Synthesis

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The computer production of sound based on the blending of electronic-based acoustic components; no prerecorded human sounds are used.

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Concatenative Sythesis

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Alternative approach to formant synthesis. Computer production of speech based on assembling prerecorded human pronunciations of basic units such as phones, syllables, morphemes, words, phrases, or sentences.

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Text-To-Speech

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Computer program that converts written text into the basic units of the synthesizer

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Stemming

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Method in computational morphology; the analysis of words by detecting and stripping affixes of words and checking against computer's dictionary.

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Parser

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Computer program that attempts to replicate the "mental parser;" uses a grammar to assign a phrase structure to a string of words.

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Transition Network

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Complex of nodes and arcs; a way to visualize and program the use of a grammar to ensure proper syntactic output.

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Nodes

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Circles

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Arcs

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Arows

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Computational Morphology

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The processing of word structures by computers.

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Computational Syntax

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The programming of computers to analyze the structure of sentences.

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Computational Semantics

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The programming of computers to determine the meaning of words, phrases, sentences, and discourse.

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Speech Understanding

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Computer processing for interpreting speech, one part of which is speech recognition.

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Computational Pragmatics

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The programming of computers to take context and situation into account when determining the meaning of expressions.

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Parallel Processing

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The ability for computers to cary out several tasks simultaneously

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Corpus

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Body of language data

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Concordance

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Frequency analysis that specifies the location within the text of each word and its surrounding text.

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Collocation Analysis

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Analysis of the occurrence of two or more words within a short space of each other in a corpus; shows that the presence of one word in a text affects the occurrence of other words.

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Computational Lexicography

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The building of standard and electronic dictionaries designed to be useful to computational linguists.

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Information Retrieval

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The process of using a computer database to search for information on a specific topic.

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Data Mining

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Highly evolved information retrieval systems; Complex methods of retrieving and using information from immense and varied sources of data through the use of advanced statistical tools.

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Summarization

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Computer program that eliminates redundancy and identifies the most salient features of a body of information.

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Automatic Machine Translation

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The use of computers to translate from one language to another.

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Source language

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The input for Automatic Machine Translation; the grammatical passage to be translated

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Target Language

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The output for Automatic Machine Translation; the translated grammatical passage

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Forensic Linguistics

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Subfield of linguistics that applies to language as used in the legal and judicial fields.

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Computational Forensic Linguistics

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Sub-area of linguistics concerned with computer applications in forensic linguistics. Three applications are trademarks, interpreting legal terms, and speaker identification.

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Speaker Identification

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The use of computers to identify the speaker

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Ear Witnessing

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The use of human listeners to identify the speaker