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105 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Lexicon

Mental Dictionary, the Vocab Stored in the Brain

Morphological Rules

Rules for Forming Words from component parts

Language

is the Message Code (between the Message Sender & Receiver) exclusive to Humans; Consists of Lexicon & Grammar.

The potential to acquire a language

is also innate (in Humans)

Phonological system

Patterns of Sounds

Syntax

Rules for Forming language Units Bigger than Words (Higher Level of Morphological Rules)

Semantics

study the Relationship between Words - Referred Objects, between Sentences - Referred Situations

Encode

Put Message in a Code

The Result of Communication

is Change. Communication Affects other People through the Info Transmission.

Decode

React to the Message in a way that Reflect the way it was Encoded. That is, Both Sides must use the Same Code in order to Understand each other.

Linguistic Competence

Subconscious Knowledge of Grammar & Lexicon of one's own language. (The Ability)

Productivity

Allows us to Express & Understand the Ideas that have Never been Heard Before.

Linguistic Performace

The Act of Using one's Linguistic Competence

Language is Independent of Hearing & Speech

because Linguistic Competence Exists in the Brain; it's still there. Deaf/Mute people Can still Communicate Fully.

Delivery Systems of Language

Speech, Writing, Sign Language

Synchrony
Simultaneousness
FLB
(Faculty of Language in the Broad sense) Shared Linguistic Capabilities between Humans & Non-humans
FLN
(Faculty of Language in the Narrow sense)
Culture shock
Disorientation & Anxiety that occur where Social Expectations are Not Met
Ethnocentrism
Judging other culture by the Standards of Your Culture
Honeybee's Round Dance
Arouses other bees to search for nearby food source
Honeybee's Waggle Dance (Schwanzeltanz)
Figure-8 dance. Indicates where the food is.
Pheromone
Chemical Secreted as a Presentative at the Food Site
Honeybee's Food Source Indication Channels

- the Dance


- the Odor (brought back from the nectar)


- the Pheromone @the site

Redundancy
Same Message encoded in Multiple Ways and Channels Simultaneously
Sound Spectrograph
Instrument to Record Sound Visually in terms of Duration, Frequency & Amplitude.
Bird Calls vs. Songs

- Calls are short; Songs are long.


- Calls warn of danger; Songs claim & attract females.


- Calls are similar among birds; Songs are species-specific.


- Calls are innate; Songs are partly innate & learnt.



Openness of Language
Ability to Coin new Words at will, to Add Lexical items
Discrete Signal
Signal that is NOT Dependent on Other signals; can be Combined together but also can be Taken Apart & used in Different Combinations.
Displacement
Ability to Talk about Events that are NOT currently Happening or People that are Unavailable.
Stimulus-bound
Specific Response to Specific External stimuli
Arbitrariness
Unobvious Relationship between Words and their Meanings
Prevarication
Ability to Communicate False or Fictional Info; Preprogrammed in Nonhuman species (fake death, mimicking other species) BUT Learnt by Humans.
Who Communicates?

- Nonhumans: Predetermined by Biological characteristics. (male bird, worker bee >< queen bee)


- Humans: Controled by Cultural Conventions

Where and When Communication Happens?

- Nonhumans: Stimulus-bound; According to the Stimuli.


- Humans: at Will.

Mimicking # Immitation

- Mimicking: mindless repetition


- Imitation: involves cognitive process (MATCH its behavior to others')



Theory of Mind
Ability to Characterize and Predict Others' states of Mind
Broca's Area of the brain
involved in Production of Speech
Wernicke's Area of the brain
involved with Understanding & Word Choice
Broca's aphasia
Damaged Broca's area => Problems in Speech Production & Grammatical Comprehension
Wernicke's aphasia
=> Speech include Wrong words or Nonsensical words
the Clever Hans effect
Subject's behaviors are influenced by subtle unintentional cues from others

Ingressive sound

Speech Sounds produced while Inhaling

Egressive sounds

Speech Sounds produced while Exhaling

The articulators

Organs of speech

Larynx

Thanh quản (voice box)

Vocal folds (was known as vocal cords)

Dây thanh quản (a pair of elastic muscular folds: cặp nếp gấp cơ có tính co giãn)

Glottis

Thanh môn (space between vocal folds)

Epiglottis

Nắp thanh quản

Pharynx

Họng

Pharyngeal cavity

Space or Passageway in the Throat (hốc họng)

Nasal cavity

Passageway in the Nose (hốc mũi)

Oral cavity

Space or Passageway in the Mouth (hốc miệng)

Uvula

Lưỡi gà (phần tòng teng trước họng)

Alveolar ridge

Raised area behind the upper front teeth

Hard plate

Phần xương ở vòm họng trên

Soft Plate (Velum)

Phần mềm ngay phía trước lưỡi gà

Pulmonic

Produced by air from the lungs

Voiced sounds

Vocal folds vibrate (vvvvvv)

Voiceless sound

Vocal folds don't vibrate (fffff)

Orthography

Spelling

Vocal tract

From lips to the glottis (the space between vocal folds, right above the larynx)

Bilabials (p, b, m)

Produced by 2 lips come together (may release or not)

Glottal stop

Blocking of sounds by closing the glottis, as in k

Vowels

No blockage of air stream. Differences in which cavity they use.

Consonants

Produced by blockage of air stream. Differences in ways of blockage.

Articulation

Production of speech Sounds by Movement of speech Organs

Labiodentals (f, v)

Lower lips come to upper teeth

Dentals (think, then)

Produced by Tongue and Teeth (move between upper & lower teeth)

Alveolar sounds (L, R, T, D, N, S, Z)

Produced by: Tip of the Tongue touches the Alveolar Ridge/ Bony Section

Palatal sounds (š, č, ž, j√, y)

Tip of Tongue & Back of Aveolar Ridge (between Ridge and Bony) or Hard/Soft Palates.


Vd: š in shed, č in cheap, ž in pleasure, j√ in gadget, y in you.

Velar sounds (K, G, ng)

Back of Tongue & Soft Palate

Labiovelar sounds (w)

Velar sounds (back of tongue & soft palate) + rounding lips

Glottal sounds (?) (t in button, h)

Glottis closed & suddenly releases

Oral & Nasal sounds

Same position but different chambers (Nasal: both mouth & nose). Ex: batchims ㄱ & ㅇ, ㅂ & ㅁ, & ㄴ.

Stops (p, b, t, d, k, g, ?)

Sounds produced by Cutting Off the Air stream. Can't be prolonged.

Aspiration

Amount of Air Released After a Stop

Diacritics/ Diacritic marks

Notations added to the main phonetic symbol to clarify details of pronunciation.

Fricatives (s, z, š, ž, th in theater & there)

Partial Blockage of Air (closed teeth but open lips)

Affricates (č, j√)

Start as a Stop, End as a Fricative (hissing)

Liquids (L, R)

Minimal Blockage of Air => no hissing sounds

Glides / Semi-vowels (w, y)

Not as much blockage as consonants, not as free as vowels

Trills (not in English)

Lips vibration & Tip of the Tongue & Uvula

Clicks (not in Eng): tsktsk

Inhaling & Sucking Tongue

Sibilants

Hissing sounds (Fricatives + Affricates)

Continuants

Opposite of Stops, allow Air to Flow through

Obstruents

Produced in Oral & Pharyngeal cavities + Pressure buildup => Nonnasials

Sonorants

Frictionless continuants (nasals, liquids, glides)

Tense vowels (i in bee, e in say, u, o)

More tension, Longer duration

Lax vowels (others)

Relaxing, shorter duration

Reduced vowels

Unstressed, central vowels that are shorter variant of the full sound

R-coloring of a vowel

A vowel partially takes on qualities of an R following it & frequency is lower (as in nurse, person)

Monophthongs

Vowels composed of 1 SOUND

Diphthongs

Vowels composed of 2 SOUNDS

Syllabic consonants

Nasal/ Liquid Consonants which can replace a vowel as Stress in a word

Fundamental frequency

Frequency of Vocal Folds vibration

Pitch

Perception of fundamental frequency, evaluated from High to Low.

Intonation contour

Pitch of the whole utterance

Tonal/ Tone languages

Individual Pitch changes => Meaning changes

Intonational/ Intonation language

Meaning changes when the Overall Pitch changes.

Geminate

Long phone in duration

Singleton

Short phone in duration

Juncture

Pause within a series of phones