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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Word

Sounds that have a meaning and that are syntactic units.

Words are characterized by:

- Sound structure


- Orthography


- Syntactic category (noun, verb, ...)


- Meaning



Homonyms

Words that have the same morphology but different meaning.

Synonyms

Words that have the same meaning, but a different morphology.

Holonym/Meronym

Words that relate to each other as the "whole" and the "part".

Hyperonym/Hyponym

Words that relate to each other as the "set" and the "subset".

Homophones

Words that have the same phonology but different meaning.

Word forms can be formed by:

- inflection


- derivation


- compunding/composition

Word form

One of the forms a word takes after modification by inflectional affixes.

Affixes

Morphemes attached to a stem.


- prefixes


- suffixes


- infixes


- circumfixes

Stem

The unit to which afixes are attached to.

Prefix

Affix added in front of the stem.

Suffix

Affix added after the stem.

Infix

Affix added in the middel of the stem.

Circumfix

Affix consisting of two parts positioned before and after the stem.

Root

The core morpheme of a word.

Open class words

Words that can undergo inflexion (and derivation?). Noun, adjectives, verbs...

Closed class words

Words that cannot undergo inflexion or derivation. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns, auxiliary verbs...

Inflectional paradigm

The different inflectional forms a word can assume ordered in a paradigm.

Synchretism

The multiple occurrence of the same morphological word within the same inflectional paradigm.

Agglutinative morphology

Morphemes are just adjoined without internal change (Finnish?)

Fusional morphology

Morphemes express combined meanings and their boundaries are difficult to define (latin)

Non-concatenative morphology

Change in the stem (sing, sand, sung)

Suppletion

The stem undergoes radical transformation (go, went, gone)

Analogy

An Irregular form gates transformed over time in a regular form by conformation to genreal rules.

Blocking

The presence of an irregular forms prevents from using the general rule.

Tip-of-the-tongue state (TOT)

The subjects fails to recall the word he is looking for while having the impression that the retrieval is imminent. The words generated instead of the target word share some feature with the target word itself.

Speech errors can concern...

phonemic features, phonemes, morphemes, whole words (anticipaton, exchange, shift,...)

TOT and speech errors are evidence of...?

- Active building of words rather than retrieval


- Mental lexicon being organized in terms of meanings and sounds

Differences between written and spoken language

Bottom-up model of lexical access

A model where information flows in the system starts with more basic units which are conceived of as being at the bottom of the hierarchy and proceeds though more and more complex units.

First generation lexical access models

- Logogen Model


- Serial search models (such as FOBS)

Logogen model

Each word in our vocabulary is represented by a processing unit, the logogen. Visual or acoustic stimuli match some of the attributes of the logogen until it is activated over its thresholds. Higher frequency words have a lower threshold. Threshold is temporarily lowered by previous activation.

Serial search models


such as:


Frequency Ordered Bin Search (FOBS)

Words are organized into bins, each one representing a root. More frequent words are searched first in each bin. Therefore the first step in lexical access is morphological decomposition, where the incoming word has to be broken down in its individual morphemes. The search is self-terminating because it ends as soon as the matching word is found.

Second generation lexical access models:

- Connectionist models (such as TRACE model)


- Cohort model

Connectionist models (such as TRACE model)

: There is a network of that are organized in layers such as feature, letter and word. The connections between the nodes are modulated by experience and can be both excitatory and inhibitory (lateral inhibition of competitors). The network works in a bottom-up fashion as well as in a top-down fashion. In explains word superiority effect, frequency effects, processing of degraded input as well as phonological and semantic priming.

Cohort model

Mainly explain spoken word recognition which happens in three phases.




(1) Activation: multiple word form representations are activated by the auditory stimulus.




(2) Selection: sorting the word forms that best fit the auditory stimulus, taking also context into account.




(3) Integration: the features of the selected word are incorporated in the utterance it is part of.

Morpheme
The minimal meaning–bearing unit of language.
Lexical morpheme(lexemes, stems)
Morpheme that forms large and extensible classes that denote entities, sets of entities, events.
Grammatical morpheme
smaller class of morphemes that denote functions that map stem meanings into other meanings by derivation or inflexion
Derivation
The process by which a morpheme is altered and therefore changes the class of the word it is part of (e.g. run –> runner).
inflection
The process by which a morpheme is alteredbut without changint the class of the word it is part of (e.g. run –> runs).
compounding
The process by which lexical morphemes can be combined to form words.
clitics
Elements that have both properties of an independent word and of an affix