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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Complementary Distribution
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pattern of distribution of two or more sounds that do not occur in the same position within words in a given language
ex. pʰ does not occur where p does |
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<p> as in poke
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asperated pʰ
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pʰ
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asperated
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<p> as in spring
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unasperated /p/
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/p/
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unasperated
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<p> as in mop
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unreleased p̚
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p̚
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unreleased
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Phoneme
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structural element in the sound system of a language, symbol, doesn't exist
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Allophone
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realization of a single structural element in the sound system, the actual sound
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Allomorph
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alternatnt realization of a morpheme in a particular linguistic environment ex.plural morpheme s, z, ɘz
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Free variation
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term used to characterize allophones of a given phoneme that can occur in the same position in a word without altering the word's meaning
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minimal pairs
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everything in the word is the same, except one phoneme ex, pit-sit
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Allophones differ in:
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Voicing (b, d, g, p, t, d)
aspiration (/p/, pʰ, p̚) manner of articulation place of atriculation |
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A➞B/C_D
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phonological rule
A becomes B in the environment following C and preceding D |
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vowel➞nasal/_nasal
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nasalization rule
Vowels are nasalized when they precede nasal sounds |
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natural class of sounds
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set of speech sounds that can all be characterized by one or a few phonetic features
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underlying forms
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form of a morpheme that is stored in the mental lexicon
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surface form
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word's actual pronunciation; generalized by the application of the phonological rules of a language
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V➞V:/_C
voiced |
lengthening rule
vowels are lengthened preceding voiced consonants |
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alveolar stop➞flap/V_V
unstressed |
/t/, /d/ are realized as [ɾ] between two vowels, the second of which is unstressed
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parts of syllable
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rhyme (must have), and onset
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rhyme
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consists of a nucleus and any consonants following it
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nucleus
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is usually a vowel, although certain consonants called sonorants can also function as a nucleus
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sonarant
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include nasals, and liquids, that act as ɘ
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onset
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any consonant preceeding the nucleus
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coda
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any consonants following the nucleus as part of the rhyme
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sequence constraints
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rules that characterize permissible syllable structures, and determine what constitues a possible syllable, also called a phonotactic constraint
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preferred syllable type among world languages
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CV, CVC, V
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/z/➞[ɘz]/sibilant+_#
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schwa insertion rule A
schwa is inserted before a word-final/z/ that follows a morpheme ending in a sibilant |
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/z/➞voiceless/voiceless+_#
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assimilation rule A
word-final /z/ is devoiced following a morpheme that ends in a voiceless sound |
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/d/➞[ɘd]/alveolar stop+_#
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schwa insertion rule B
schwa is inserted preceding a word-final /d/ that follows a morpheme ending in an alveolar stop |
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/d/➞voiceless/voiceless+_#
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assimilation rule B
word-final /d/ is realized as [t] following a morpheme that ends in a voiceless sound. |