Linguistics

Front 1

Glottal wave

Back 1

like guitar string, vocal cords vibrate, they have a resonance frequency

Front 2

Filter

Back 2

As the glottal wave passes through a vocal tract, it forms a resonance chamber and forms resonating frequencies

Front 3

Perceptual Property

Back 3

Quality, loudness, pitch

Front 4

Acoustic Property

Back 4

Formants, amplitude/intensity, fundamental frequency

Front 5

How is a vowel created?

Back 5

Source+filter= vowel

Front 6

Formants

Back 6

- Product of resonant frequencies plus filters
-different sets of resonant frequencies
- Some resonant frequencies have higher energy than others

Front 7

Spectrogram

Back 7

- Visual Represenation of frequencies over time

Front 8

Difference btween F1 and F2 in spectrogram

Back 8

- It indicates backness
- a large gaps means a front vowel
- a small gap means a back vowel

Front 9

What does F1 tell you

Back 9

there is an inverse relationship between height of vowel and height of the first formant

Front 10

How can you tell lip rounding in spectrograms

Back 10

It lowers the F2, F3, and higher

Front 11

How can you tell dipthongs

Back 11

They have a changing formant structure

Front 12

Fundamental frequency is a formant: true or false?

Back 12

false

Front 13

How to tell if there is voicing in a spectrogram

Back 13

- there is a voice bar

Front 14

How to tell if there is aspiration in a spectrogram

Back 14

- there is a period of "noise" after burst

Front 15

How to tell Alveolars in a spectrogram [t] and [d]

Back 15

Tail of F2 will point to 1700-1800 hertz

Front 16

How to tell bilabial [b], [p]

Back 16

Tails of f1 and F2 go down (they rise before the sound and then fall after the sound)

Front 17

Accent of Korean or Japanese

Back 17

[upside down r] and [l] are often confused

Front 18

Co-articulation

Back 18

The overlapping of adjacent articulations, usually in the form of the vowel overpowering the articulation of the consonant
- Ohman's discovery- coarticulation of a vowel

Front 19

The three challenges of speech perception

Back 19

1. Speaker variability
2. Segment variability
3. Segmenting the speech stream into words

Front 20

Speaker variability

Back 20

1. Variability between speakers
- fundamental frequencies vary between speakers
- speaking rate
- accents between speakers
2. Variability within speakers
- Emotional state
- speaking rate
- Possition of word within a sentence

Front 21

Segment Variability

Back 21

1. Stress
2. Co-articulation

Front 22

Non-variation (things that dont change)

Back 22

Vowels: Relative formant levels
Consonants: importance of formant transitions

Front 23

Word Segmentation

Back 23

How we segenment speech streams into words
1. Largely a guessing games
2. Segmentation strategies

Front 24

Word Segmentation errors

Back 24

Mondegreens- word segmentation

Front 25

Segmentaiton strategies

Back 25

1. Starting at the end of utterances
2. Using words you already know
3. Looking for stressed syllables
4. Use phonotactics
5. Use experience (the last thing)

Front 26

How we learn segmenation

Back 26

1. patterns (linkind to the end of utterances)
2. Statical patterns
3. Stress

Front 27

Preferencial listening experiment (can babies tell words from non-words)

Back 27

- The baby uses statical patterns to tell if a word a non-sense word or a real word
- Dependent variable- how long the baby look at a light
- "novelity prerence for new words"

Front 28

Forced Choice identification

Back 28

we simply ask the participant to distinguish different sounds which are different VOT times, and “what did you hear”… a very simple concept… it doesn’t work on infants obviously

Front 29

Categorical perception over time

Back 29

1. As soon as we are 1 month old we are able to detect VOT

Front 30

Three categorical perception tests in babies

Back 30

1. High Amplitude sucking (dihabuation of the same sound)
2. Preferencial listening in visual domain (we loose sensitivity to visually recognize different languages after 8 months)
3. Conditioned Head turn (conditioned a kid to turn his head when they turned to Ba, shows that babies can understand categorical perception)

Front 31

Categorical perception in Animals

Back 31

- Chinchillas detect +30 boundary
- Crickets use chirp frequencies (high frequencies indicate threat)

Front 32

Losing Categories

Back 32

- Infants are able to distinguish nearly every phonemic contrast they have been tested
- They loose this ability after 12 months

Front 33

Language in British Columbia Thompson Salish (Nthlakampx)

Back 33

[k'] ‐ air compressed between tongue/velum and glottis, [q'] ‐ air compressed between tongue/uvula and glottis

Front 34

Position of Vowel phonemes is dictated by

Back 34

1. Maximize perceptibility
2.. Articulatory dispersion correlates with acoustic dispersion
3. Confounded by ease of articulation

Front 35

Margi

Back 35

- Two vowel phomenes
- They are not at the extremes, they central vowels because they are distinguishable but easy to pronounce

Front 36

Hyper-articulation

Back 36

In babies led speech we hyper-articulate speech /i/, /a/, /u/, in order to assist in the aquision of vowel phonemes

Front 37

Great Vowel shift

Back 37

A shifted first, then all vowels seemed to move upward

Front 38

Middle english

Back 38

1100-1500

Front 39

Modern English

Back 39

1500 on

Front 40

Broca's area

Back 40

Frontal lobe
- controls the movement of the mouth
- fragmented speech
- Aware of deficit

Front 41

Wernickies area

Back 41

temporal lobe
- controls language comprehension
- fluent but empty speech, poor comprehension

Front 42

Phonetics focuses on

Back 42

spelling to phonology to meaning

Front 43

Whole word/whole language

Back 43

(skips phonology)
- goes from spelling to meaning

Front 44

Evidence in phonology in reading

Back 44

Asked if it is a flower (rose vs rows) sometimes people said rows meant flowers… based on how the word sounds

Front 45

Common mistakes by spanish influenced English

Back 45

- Pronouncing vowel phonemes as if in spanosh
- Dipthongs to mono-thongs
- No TH sounds, no v sound, no /v/ sound
- Voiced fricative to stop shift
- Fricatives to stops
- Palatal consonant shift

Front 46

English Influenced Spanish

Back 46

- aspiration of voiceless stops
- vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- diphthongization of mid vowel

Front 47

How to tell consonant stops in a spectrogram

Back 47

- Constriction: look at formant transitions for F1 – it rises out of a constriction and falls into one
- Alveolars- [t],[d] – tail of f2 will point to 1700-1800 hertz
- bilabial- [b],[p] – the tails of f1 and f2 go down (rise before the sound, go down after)
- Velar stop consonant (the velar pinch) [k]