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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is FOXP2 |
FOXP2 is not a 'grammar gene' it does not prove language is innate or inborn it does not affect ONLY language abilities it is not found exclusively in humans however, a FOXP2 mutation can lead to speech issues ie. the KE family |
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proposed origins of speech |
onomatopoeia - animal and environmental sounds arose from humans indicating pleasure, discomfort ie. laugh, groan arose from music arose from sign arose from primate vocalizations ie vervet calls did not arise from amything |
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anatomy prerequisites for linguistic ability |
the vocal anatomy itself ie. position of the larynx, hyoid bone brain development ie. mimetic abilities |
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when does phonetic mastery occur |
around 7 or 8 however, speech production continues to mature even past this point phonetic mastery is when someone can correctly produce phonemes 75% of the time |
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when does a newborn's universal phonetic analyser disappear? |
usually within its first year of life |
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when does the larynx descend |
three months this leads to a longer SLVT and the epiglottis can no longer articulate with the velum |
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what happens within the vocal tract during puberty |
lasts less than five years in girls and up to six years in boys boys: the vocal folds grow 60% longer and get thicker. pitch drops one octave. larynx descents further with no result on pitch but the filter changes girls: vocal folds lengthen and grain some mass/ pitch becomes lower and SLVT longer resulting in a change in timbre |
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what does the length of the vocal tract affect
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a drop in timbre. it does not have anything to do with pitch, that vocal folds do |
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prenatal speech perception development |
2 months gestation, ears begin to develop. 6 months gestation, ears largely developed,including inner ear; BUT sound/speech perception involves brain development |
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what are gross features of speech |
voice quality prosody: rhythm (pattern of stresses) andintonation (up and down of pitch) Fetusesand very young infants are sensitive to this |
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what is categorical perception |
when we ignore subtle variations in sounds like /p/ and /b/ |
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language general perception |
Young infants can hear the difference between sound categories from a wide variety of languages
It is not just infants that seem to have this, other animals can do this too this does not mean speech perception is innate. chinchillas can do the same |
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infant and adult language perceptions |
infants: language general perception adults: language specific perception |
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when does language specific perception occur |
approximately 10-12 months according to Janet Werker |
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HAS procedure |
high amplitude sucking shows infants are born language general |
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Mampe's study |
french and german babies cries were recorded discovered four types of general cry melodies individual harmonics vary with pitch. discovered french cries and german cries are different ie. french: more rising melody contours; german: more falling melody contours prenatal exposure to L1 |
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general difference between french and german intonation |
french: pitch rise towards end of words and phrases german: pitch drops |
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four types of cry melodies |
Quick rise; slow fall Slow rise; quick fall Symmetrical rise and fall Steady |
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Esling,Benner, Grenon count frequencies of productions at different locations
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labial, coronal, dorsal, and laryngeal articulations laryngeal is initially the most used, and then over time it becomes coronals because english has a lot of coronals arabic infants continue to use laryngeal sounds because arabic has them |
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segmental articulation errors in infants |
deletion: not producing one of the sounds in adult form insertion: adding a consonant or vowel substitution distortion: variation on the sound although it is the same sound |
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phonological process |
when segmental errors occur in multiple words |
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types of deletion |
unstressed syllable deletion final consonant deletion velar fronting: child changes /k/ to /t/ turning a back consonant into a front consonant |
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types of substitution |
gliding: turns consonant into a glide vowelization: turns consonant into a vowel |
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idiopathic |
when a speech disorder cannot be placed |
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common classifications of speech disorders |
voice disorders - affecting the larynx articulation disorders - affecting the use of the SLVT structures Phonologic disorders - affecting the ability to process language and store linguistic knowledge fluency disorders - affecting the fluidity of speech |
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causes of speech disorders |
congenial malformation (born with it) disease accidents surgery behaviour-related problems idiopathic |
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what is ALS |
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis the complete loss of speech functions |
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CVA |
cerebral-vascular accident a stroke blood supply cut off from the brain |
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what is stuttering |
a fluency disorder - issue with articulation involuntary repetition, prolongation, or cessation of sound children who stutter will recover spontaneously or with therapy |
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etiology of stuttering |
unknown possibly a neurophysical dysfunction that disrupts the precise timing needed for speech production some kind of genetic element - occurs more commonly between identical twins linked to reduced blood flow in Broca's area |
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normal verses pathological disfluency |
normal developmental disfluency: repetition of whole words pathological disfluency: repetition of parts and prolongations of individual sounds |
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what does treatment focus on |
the abnormal speech behaviour itself emotional problems negative parental attitudes treatment includes: timed syllabic speech, shadowing of the therapist, delayed audio feedback, and STAR therapy (structuring, targeting, adjustment, and regulation |
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cluttering |
another fluency disorder rapid or irregular speaking rate with long breaks and spurts of speech often unaware of impairment |
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dysarthria symptoms |
a motoric disorder hypernasality, imprecise consonants, monopitch, breathy voice, audible inspiration |
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dysarthria etiology |
can be caused by head injury ie cerebral palsy, stroke, neurological disorder |
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dysarthria treatment |
learning to more effectively breathe control over loudness of pitch velopharyngeal control - nasality management of speech rate |
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Aphasias (Broca and Wernicke's) |
Broca's aphasia is a non-fluent aphasia where there is great difficulty producing speech, cannot speak long sentences, function words omitted, however, usually have good comprehension Wernicke's aphasia is a fluent aphasia where they have no trouble producing fluent, long sentences, however, their utterances make no sense. those who have difficulty understanding speech of other have receptive aphasia |
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aphasia etiology |
brain injury lesions in certain parts of the brain |
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treatment of aphasia |
one broad types is language impairment based treatment it covers all modalities, however,it addresses the patient's specific difficulties melodic intonation therapy constraint induced language therapy |
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cleft palate epidemiology |
most common congenial malformation of the head and neck males are more likely to have a clef lip with or without a cleft palate women are more likely to have only a cleft palate |
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cleft palate etiology |
genetic environmental factors. ie. disturbance in palate/lip development during gestation. ie. mother is smoking idiopathic it is non-syndromic. which means it is an isolated issue for the child. however, cleft lip can be linked to ear infections |
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laryngectomy |
etiology - surgery (carcinoma truma) larynx must be completely or partially removed a result of cancer gastric reflux, injury |
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key consequences of laryngectomy |
loss of vocal source, but filter remains in tact. source/filter theory. |
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post laryngeal options |
esophageal mechanism - burp voicing external vocal prosthesis - holding the tube to throat in dwelling vocal prosthesis - may need regular replacement |
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disordered speech articulations |
labiodental plosive dentolabial - lower teeth, upper lip fricative nareal - nasal consonant in which friction is created in the nasal cavity |
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stages of learning L1 |
vegetative vocalizations (discomfort sounds) cooing (comfort sounds) expansion (exploration of the vocal tract) canonical babbling (production of non-meaningful CV sounds) variegated babbling (alterations of complex CV sounds) |
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what is velopharyngeal insufficency |
when the velum does not close off the pharynx during speech production. this leads to air escaping through the nasal cavity resulting in nasal speech |
