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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is language?
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*A system of communication that associates sound with meaning
* Creative, constantly inventing |
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A Grammar
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*The mental system that allows speakers to form and interpret words, sounds, and sentences of a language
* Every speaker has one |
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linguistic competence
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The ability to recognize what is, and what isn't, an acceptable utterance of a language
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Linguistics
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* The scientific study of how language works
* Linguists describe patterns and try to make generalizations about them |
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Phonetics
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The study of speech sounds
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Phonology
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The study of how sounds pattern in a language
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Morphology
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The study of the structure of words
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Syntax
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The study of the structure of sentences
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Semantics
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The study of the meanings of words and sentences
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Mental Grammar
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Combination of genetic predisposition (heredity) and input from the environmoent
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Universal Grammar
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* Genetic Predisposition
* System of categories, operations, and principles that are shared by all languages |
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Phrase
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* a string of words that functions as a unit in a sentence
* every phrase has a head * type of constituent |
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Constituency Tests
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* can be moved around the sentence
* substitution * coordination using 'and' |
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Intransitive
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A verb that can stand on its own
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Dative Ditransitive
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A verb that requires a NP and a PP
(Qual) V NP PP ex: give, offer, lend, put, stand, place, donate |
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Transitive
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A verb that cannot stand on its own
VP--> (Qual) V NP ex: feed, notice, hit, kiss |
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Ditransitive
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A verb that requires two NPs
VP--> (Qual) V NP NP ex: give, offer, lend |
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Complements and Specifiers
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* Unlike complements, specifiers are usually optional
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Determiners
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Usually serve as specifiers of a N
ex: the, a, this |
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Adverbs
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Usually serve as specifiers of V
*never, perhaps, often |
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Degree words
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Usually serve as specifiers of A or P
ex: very, quite, more, almost |
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Entailment
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A relation between sentences in which the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another
(Gary is Bernice's husband entails the sentence Bernice is married) |
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Contradiction
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A relationship between sentences wherein the truth of one sentence requires the falsity of another sentence
(Raymond is married vs. Raymond is a bachelor) |
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Paraphrases
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Two sentences that have the same basic meaning.
(A Canadian wrote that book vs. That book was written by a Canadian.) |
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Structurally Ambigious
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A sentences components can be combined in more than one way
ex: I saw the girl with a telescope. a) I used a telescope to see the girl. b) I saw the girl who was holding a telescope. |
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Thematic Roles
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Describe the relation between and NP and what its role is in the sentence
Agent -- Theme -- Source -- Goal -- Location -- (Experiencer) |
