Ling 1: Q1: Explain The Following Key Terms Of Second Language Research And Give One Example For Each.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Property Theory

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A theory that sets out to model language structure. Modelling the nature of the language system which is to be acquired.

e.g.: Universal Grammar

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Q1 Key term lang research: Transition Theory

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A theory that describes how knowledge changes over time and language develops. In language acquisition, the system is a learner and the changes in state of knowledge, or competence.

E.g.: the traditional phases in a child's early language acquisition when a child moves from the pre-word stage; cooing to babbling to 1-word stage.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Rationalist Position

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Philosophical standpoint that values reason as a source of knowledge. Learning a language is a process of acquiring conscious control of these patterns of a L2.

e.g.: Problem solving taks in the classroom, evidenced based learning.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Competence

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Knowing the language (phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics and morphology) without actually doing something with it (performance).

e.g.: knowing grammatical rules (He/she/it verb + s)

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Q1 Key term lang research: Performance

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Term to describe any actual use (production and comprehension) of language, also in class.

e.g.: projects like 'Taaldorp', going on school trips to England (or other English speaking countries), online chatting.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Interlanguage

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An 'in-between' system in transition towards a native-like target. Learners do not merely copy what native speakers do but create an entirely new language system unique to themselves.

e.g.: native speaker, child using the rule 'ed' when they express the events happened in the past. Street language for instance 'ich nicht hehe', he goed to school yesterday.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Systematicity

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Regularities in a learner's use of language.

e.g.: phonetics [u] in but. Grammatical order: do/does/did in questions: Cycles he? Grammatical order of adverbs of frequency; from Dutch. He watches always ...

Front 8

Q1 Key term lang research: Variability

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Instability in interlanguage grammars, where a rule or structure is employed inconsistently.

e.g.: students sometimes using the 3rd person singular correctly, sometimes incorrectly.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Modularity

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The human mind comprises a number of distinct models, language being one of them, language in turn comprises a number of modules (syntax, phonology ...).

e.g.: different part of the brain takes care of different skills.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Creativity

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The ability to use a linguistic system to produce and comprehend novel utterances (=new things).

e.g.: when pupils have to describe an object without preparing, the pupils will produce language consisting of what is learned before (basic vocabulary).

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Q1 Key term lang research:Formulaic sequence

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A phenomenon based on a reproduction of a string of words or chunks of words that is a reproduction of what is heard before or has been memorised.

e.g. In SSL textbooks, in which short sentences are used for rehearsal to remember idioms.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Fossilisation

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Stabilisation of interlanguage system, in a form divergent from the target language system; incorrect language becomes habit.

e.g.: Spanish students saying 'me' to 'I'; Me have

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Q1 Key term lang research: Language Transfer

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Influence of one language system on another; usually that of L1 on L2.

e.g.: The use of nasal consonants with Dutch learners of English.

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Q1 Key term lang research: Communicative competence

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A term that refers to the student's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the social knowledge of when and how to use certain idiom.

e.g.: Knowing grammar, but also knowing formal and informal register and how to describe something when you don't know the word. E.g. speaking exercises for example: book a room.