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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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innate immune system |
not specific and there is not memory involved something came into body identifies it as non-self and kills it |
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innate defenses |
1 line: keretinized epithelial cells phsyical barrier, chemical skin vagina stomach acids saliva mucus resp and digestive 2nd line: phagocytes, neutriphils monocytes/macrophages , phagocytosis |
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macrophages |
spit out left over pieces from phagocytosis, pieces released are nuetrilized fragments macrphages will warn and activate the adaptive immune system |
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inflammation |
part of the innate leukocytes brought in marginate finally leave the blood and move to tissue via diapedesis then begin cardinal chemical messengers to bring help to the sight |
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steps of inflammation |
1. release of chemicals: histimine basophils complement following phagocytosis 2.vasodilation 3. leakage of fluid w/ clotting factors and ab area 4. phagocyte mobilization |
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adaptive defenses |
react against almost any type of ag,has memory, but must be presented w/ ag |
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B/T Cells |
have a way of remembering what was broken down, the react faster and stronger w/ each exposure cannot be activated until after the innate has been activated |
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stepwise path |
1st line defense, 2nd and then adaptive immune system keeps the body in check |
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antigen |
is a small piece of the bacteria that the T/B cells act on all non-self antigeni determinants: portion of ag the ab or lymphocyte binds |
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MCH |
all self cells contain MCH to prove to the immune system that they belong to self all MCH is self to one person no 2 individuals have the same MCH proteins |
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antigen presenting cells |
macrophage and neutriphils -ag presenting cell after it has engulfed and broken down a bacteria -comes in contact w/ bacteria bring into cell break it down dump pieces which are now ag -takes one small piece of the ag and puts it out on a cell surface protein presenting it to B/T Cells |
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t cell |
react to the presented ag all t cells need to have the ag presented |
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b cells |
react to the parts and pieces spit out of the macrophage -create an army to find bacteria and help phagocyte s destroy it, recognize the ag processed by the phagocyte the proliferates when enough are made bcell changes its form to plasma cell and memory cells (takes days to weeks for trasnformation) |
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plasma cells |
produce ab, ab are specific to the original ag that bonded w/ b cell overview: b cell recognized something, makes plasma cell and plasma cell makes ab |
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difference B/T cells |
t- help the phagocytes b- cannot interact in thee same place as the t cells get in the way of each other common: they both do not do anything with the entire bacteria |
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antibodies |
aka immunoglobulins made by b cells after b cell saw spit out pieces and identified as nonself adn makes the AB, y shaped 2 heavy 2 light chains help by disulfide bonds variable region: is specific to only YOU where the ab can bind to ag constant region: same on each ab -help other cells in the body kill bacteria -are proteins |
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4 primary actions of antibodies |
1. neutrilization: ab cover the bacteria so it cannot adhere and hurt the host 2/3agglutination/presipitation: ab clump together from their consant region so bacteria can fall out of solution 4. complement: helps other activities in blood, |
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memory cells |
are made by b cells 1st exposure: do nothing, starts to make MC 1st/2nd steps takes a week to make memory cells 2nd exposure: memory cell proliferates becomes plasma cell to make ab will go back and fight, alot faster b/c memory cells are already made so ab are already there and go staright to killing |
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cell mediated immunity |
t cells are more simple than b cells, made in thymus when activated make 2 diff t cells CD4: regulatory and Helper T cells CD8: cytotoxic t cells do different things |
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helper T cells (TH) CD4 |
helps everything else main job is to give permission to the B cell to make the ab then it secretes a chemical telling it yes its bad or no -tcell first cell to be activated |
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regulatory T cells (Treg) CD4 |
close to t cells, come in and make sure everything is ok if the tc is starting to work the treg will come and check that the response in appropriate to the invasion |
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cytotoxic T cells (TC) CD8 |
only cell in immune system that can go up to the cell and kill it -TC works by TH to go to work -TC will release enzymes that poke a hole in membrane and leak them into the bacteria and kill it -fast and efficient -once its dead it will float around blood stream until broken down further doesnt cause harm |
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overview of all |
invades body, gets past skin(1st line of defense), phagocytes comes(2nd), breaks its down into small pieces puts one piece on the cell surface which are seen by the b cells, b cells turn int plasma cell which makes the ab and b cell also makes memory cells, ab go back and fight original invader, same time tcells are looking for APC is showing, thelpers and tcytotoxic go and kill cells, tc goes into kill mode, th gives permission to b cell to make the antbody |
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type1: immune response: ALLERGY (IgE) -making of the anitbody |
1. initial encounter- sensitizing dose 2. second encounter- memory cells and immunoglobins (antibodies) are ready to react |
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mast cells and basophils |
bind to IgE during sensitization , contain active cytokines-tagret organs&allergic symptoms, degranulate, principal chemical mediators production |
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histamine |
stiumlatees smooth muscle, glands, eosinophils- whal and flare reaction w/ pruritis(itching) and headache -non-specific |
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serotonin |
complements histamine |
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leukotriene |
induces gradual contraction of smooth muscle |
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platelet-activating factor |
lipids w/ similar effects as histimine |
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prostaglandins |
inflamm agents responsible for Vasdilation -increases pain |
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bradykinin |
prolonged smooth-muscle contraction of branchioles, dilation of peripheral arteries, increase mucus secretion -account for the wide range of allergic symptoms |
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specific desease w/ IgE mast-cell mediated allergy |
hay fever, allergic asthma(dust animal dander), food allergy, drug allergy, eczena, anaphylaxis(massive release of histamine) |
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Diagnosis of Allergy |
-virtro: elevated levels in blood, blood count, histamine release test -skin: injected w/ pure allergen extract on back will wheal if allergic |
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treatment for allergen |
avoid allergen , meds that blovk action of lymphocyte, mast cells or chemical mediators, desensitization therapy |
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type 2: reactions that Lyse Foreign cells (IgG) -t cells go out and find the antigen |
group of syndromes that involve complement-assisted lysis of cells by IgG and IgM directly on antigens |
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include |
1. transfusion reactions 2. autoimmunity- acitvates t-cells when it shouldnt adn kills self cells -ABO blood groups |
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blood types |
A, B, AB , O -ABO anitgen markers on RBCs are genetically determined and made of glycoproteins -named for dominant antigen |
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RBC |
-in type O person has an antigens bt not A and B antigens |
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tissues other than RBC |
carry A and B antigens |
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universal transfusions |
type O is- universal donor type AB+- universal recipient |
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transfusion reaction |
given the wrong blood type -massive hemolysis leading to systemic shock and kidney failure -s/s: fever, anemia, jaundice -tx: stop transfusion, meds to remove hemoglobin from wrong blood, begin infusing right blood |
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Rh Factor(D antigen) |
+ is dominant over - 1. inherit one Rh gene is Rh + 2. inherit 2 recessive genes of Rh+ -antibodies against this factor are thru placental sensitization or transfusion of other RBC antigens positive can get + and - negative can only get neg- |
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blood types w/ anitgens |
A+: ANTI B, can get: A+, A-, O- A-: ANTI B can get: A-, O- B+: ANTI A can get: B+, B-, O- B-: ANTI B can get: B-, O- AB+: ANTI A AND B, can get: ALL universal recipient AB-: ANTI A AND B can get: AB-, O- O+: no antigens, can get: O-, O+ O-: no antigens, universal donor, can only get: O- |
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type 3: Hypersensitivity immune complex reactions -cause tissue damage |
-reaction of soluble antigen w/ anitbody and depostionof the resulting complexes in basement memebranes of epithelial tissue simular to type2 -produce IgG and IgM afte repeated exposure to antigens the activation of complement differes from type 1, antigens not attached but free-floating deposited in tissue causing an immune complex reaction |
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differ from anaphylaxis b/c.. |
they depend of IGG, IGM, IGA rather than IGE -require large dose od antigen, symptoms delayed |
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step by step reaction |
1. more anitgens then anitbodies free flowing in blood, smakk immune complexes formed 2. large immune complexrs form that fix complement and are cleared from circulation, antigen and antibody even 3. large amounts of antibody then antigen, medium size immune complex form fix complement and cleared from circulation |
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type 4: cell mediated(delayed) -cause tissue damage |
involve t-cells, result when t-cells repsond to ag dislayed on SELF tissue or transplanted foreign cells dx: infectious allergy, contact derm, exposure t resins in poison |
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t cells in organ transplantation |
donor tissue displayed on surface molecules of a different MHC class, the t cell will of recipient will recognize it as foreign and react to it |
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immunodeficiency disease |
lower immunity: get sick alot -primary- congenital(at birth) lack b/t cells or absence or immature thymus gland -secondary: after birth caused yb natural or artificial agents caused by: infection, organic disease, hemotherapy, radiation, AIDS |
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identifying bacteria |
phenotypic, genotypic, specimen collection -cell shape and size, colony appearance, speed of growth, patterns of growth, physio/bio chem iD, presence of specific enzymes, gram stain reaction |
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tube agglutination test |
-last resort if others dont work -equal amount of ag-ab w/ pts serum -wait fro which tube has agglutination -precipitation- antigen is a soluble molecule |
