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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which best accounts for the total body water (TBW)?
Intracellular Fluid and Extracellular Fluid
What tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing a barrier between the internal and external environment?
epithelial tissue
Which of the following is a tissue type that includes the cells found within blood and bones?
connective tissue
Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex?
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Extracellular fluid is composed of ________.
interstitial fluid and plasma
The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called ________.
interstitial fluid
True/False: Intracellular and extracellular fluid are of the same ion composition.
FALSE
When blood glucose levels are high
the pancreas releases insulin
A liver cell responds to insulin by
taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen
What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
liver cells
Body cells that respond to insulin include
liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body
When blood glucose levels are low
The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called
homeostasis
Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body ________.
maintains a constant internal environment
What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?
negative feedback
Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, and that information is sent to the integrator.
regulated variable : sensor
The ________ determines the extent of the error signal in a feedback loop, in order to initiate the appropriate response.
integrator
Positive feedback loops are impossible to stop once they have begun.
FALSE
The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the INTERNAL environment?
cardiovascular system
__________ are the smallest stable units of ordinary matter.
atoms
Ions with a + charge are called
cations
When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form
covalent bonds
The reaction symbolized as (AB → A + B) is a(n) _________ reaction.
decomposition
The first step in an enzymatic reaction is the binding of the __________ molecule to the active site.
substrate
Which of the following statements about water is true?
water is a good solvent, water comrises the largest portion of total bod weight, water is composed of polar molecules
Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with
water molecules
A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is __________.
acidic
If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is
alkaline
The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a
carbohydrate
When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,
a disaccharide is formed
The alpha-helix is an example of the __________ level of protein structure.
secondary
Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.
active
You would expect a peptide bond to link
two amino acids
The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of ________ protein structure.
secondary
A __________ is to a nucleic acid as an amino acid is to a polypeptide.
nucleotide
The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that
the backbone of RNA contains ribose
Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP.
adenosine triphosphate
The nucleus of an atom consists of
protons + neutrons
The plasma membrane is composed of
a bilayer of phospholipids
Which structure produces ATP for the cell?
mitochondria
Most of the ATP that cells require is produced in the __________.
mitochondria
Endocytosis is
a method for transporting substances into the cell
Transcription directly results in the formation of __________.
messenger RNA
The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called
translation
The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is
UAG
Which organelle renews the cell membrane and modifies and packages proteins for secretion?
Golgi apparatus
Which of the following is not a function of protein?
storage of genetic information
The process of forming mRNA is called
transcription
A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is termed a(n)
codon
The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are
genes
If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to
form the mitotic spindle
The sum of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur within the body is called ________.
metabolism
Chemical reactions that involve the production of a phosphate bond are called ________ reactions.
phosphorylation
During what type of reaction are electrons removed from the reactant?
oxidation
Which of the following is not one of the factors that affect the rate of reactions?
transition state
Decreasing temperatures will ________ the frequency of collisions between molecules, thereby ________ the reaction rate.
decreasing : decreasing
Enzymes act as ________ to increase reaction rate.
catalysts
Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
increasing the activation energy barrier
Enzymes are what class of molecule?
proteins
How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
bringing the substates together to undergo collision
The greater the attractive forces between substrate and enzyme, that enzyme is said to have a higher ________ for the substrate.
affinity
Regulation of an enzyme through reversible binding of a modulator to a regulatory site on an enzyme is specifically called ________.
allosteric regulation
True/False: An increase in the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate will increase the reaction rate.
TRUE
True/False: An increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate.
TRUE
During glycolysis, glucose is broken down, yielding what type of molecule?
2 pyruvate
Which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria?
conversion of pyruvate to lactate
The final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is pyruvate. What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into acetyl CoA.
Where are the enzymes of glycolysis located within the cell?
cytosol
What is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport?
oxygen
Where is the electron transport chain?
inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from ________ to produce ATP.
the hydrogen gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
Under anaerobic conditions, what is pyruvate converted to and where does this occur?
lactate in the cytosol
True/False: Pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytosol under anaerobic conditions, but it is converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix under aerobic conditions.
TRUE
Which of the following molecules is NOT converted to glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis?
fatty acids
What is glycogenolysis?
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Which of the following molecules is a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
amino acids and glycerol only
True/False: Glycogenolysis is an example of a catabolic reaction.
TRUE