Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
social class
|
classification of speakers on the basis of social divisions= Status and power
|
|
|
objective markers to social status differneces
|
income
level of education value of property.house |
|
|
subjective markers of social status differences
|
occupations
neighborhood family name |
|
|
socially prestigious
|
variants are positively valued throguh their association with high status groups
|
|
|
socially stigmatized
|
variants that carry negative connotations
|
|
|
Covert v. Overt prestige
|
covert- Sarah Palin= used with local values
Overt- Hilary Clinton= broad norms |
|
|
changes from above
|
level of consciousness- led my lower middle class- reflects a movement away fro socially sstigmatized features
|
|
|
changes from below
|
led by Upper working class- mostly phonological changes in American English tend to start from below
EX: Cali shift and NCS |
|
|
style
|
one of the speech varieties used by an individual
|
|
|
style shift
|
when a speaker voluntarily changes speech forms b/c of setting, topic, or other speakers
|
|
|
Types of style shifts
|
-registers= associated w. particular situations of use= Motherese
-genres= associated w. performance or artistic display= Actors -crossing=shift into another dialect other than your own -codeswitching= spanglish, NCS to standard |
|
|
hypercorrection
|
members of lower social classes will use prestigious features at a higher rate than high classes= they over-use it
|
|
|
Attention to speech
|
Attention to speech= change based on the amount of attention they're paying to speech
-casual v. careful Paralingx Cues= cues surrounding speech to separate casual and careful -rate, pitch, laughter |
|
|
Audience Design
|
shift styles primarily in response to their audience
- topic and the relationship between speakers affects this |
|
|
direct addressee
|
2nd person you talk to, leads to the must adjustment in speech
|
|
|
auditors
|
allowed to participate in conversations, but not addressed
|
|
|
overhearers
|
non-ratified, speaker is aware of prescence but not part of convo really at all
|
|
|
eavesdroppers
|
presence is unknown and not ratified
|
|
|
speaker design
|
-style shifts viewed as means of projecting ones own attributes (identity)
- your identity is dynamic - in conversational interaction we take on roles and those roles change |
|
|
factors in speaker design
|
audience
topic purpose key frame of interaction |
|
|
Eckert 1988
|
Jocks and Burnouts
-working class bringing linguistical changes |
|
|
methodology of eckert
|
3 years or research
used 52 speakers used 1 suburban school which was almost all white |
|
|
Jocks from Eckert 1988
|
involved in school
-valued their relationships w. adults -trusted by administration -looked to go to college |
|
|
Burn-outs from Eckert 1988
|
-vocational
-blue collar -network with other groups and ages -use drugs and sex early on -restricted authority by admin. |
|
|
in betweens from the Eckert 1988 article
|
hang out with both groups
are the reason for the change -use variants of burn-outs, bring them to the jock -the variants lose significance for the burn outs |
|
|
Conclusions of Eckert
|
in HS, there is a motivation for divergence
-complex relationship between social category, affiliation, class and metro environment in suburbs |
|
|
Schilling-Estes 1998
|
Study in Ocracoke- island off the coast of NC
-Studies performance speech of Rex- called the "brogue" -increased tourism has residents coming in contact withs tandard |
|
|
methodology of Schilling-Estes
|
case study of 1 individual- Rex
-Detailed study of him across various social contexts -based on phrase "hoi tide..." |
|
|
Linguistic features of Rex- Shilling
|
Lifelong resident
-Strong ties with island -performance utterances characterized by linguistic features |
|
|
Results of Shilling-Estes
|
found more /ay/ centralization in performance speech
-Mostly before voiced obstruents -Patterns of self-conscious speech are just as regular as that of non-self conscious speech |
|
|
Labov's Vernacular principle
|
self conscious speech is not valuable in obtaining a pic of the lingx system
|
|
|
findings of Shilling-Estes 1998
|
shifts can be multi-dimensional= changing a tape for recording could create performance speech b/c of attention to speech and audience design theories
|
|
|
Limitations of Shilling-Estes 1998
|
only 1 participant
one used a few styles to look at very few tokens of /ay/ Why not study other brogue features? |
