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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Transactional Model of Stress and Coping |
Constructs : -Primary Appraisal -Secondary Appraisal -Coping -Reappraisal
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Primary Apprasial |
-level of severity is assessed -"Am I OK, or in trouble?" -if you perceive the event as threatening it will cause distress
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Secondary Appraisal |
-level of controllability is assessed -perception of one's ability to change the situation, or cope effectively with it |
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Coping |
Problem Focused - based on one's capability to think and alter the event or situation Emotion Focused - based on altering the way one feels about the event or situation |
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Reappraisal |
-determining whether the original stressor has been negated |
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Life Event Stressors |
-discrete, observable events that require some social or psychological adjustment from the individual Recent - within a year Remote - childhood events |
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Chronic Stressors |
-events encountered in everyday life -more prevalent |
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Non-Event Stressors |
-desiring events but they don't occur -not having anything to do |
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Types of Social Support |
-Emotional -Instrumental -Informational -Appraisal |
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Fear Appeals |
-persuasive messages designed to scare people by describing terrible things that will happen if they ignore the message |
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History of Health Belief Model |
-in the 1950s, Hochbaum studied the reasons for low participation in public TB testing |
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Health Belief Model |
-Perceived Susceptibility -Perceived Severity -Perceived Benefits -Perceived Barriers -Cues to Action -Self-Efficacy |
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Perceived Susceptibility |
-belief of acquiring a disease as a result of a behavior |
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Perceived Severity |
-belief regarding the extent of harm that can result from a disease as a result of a behavior -this and Susceptibility make up Perceived Threat |
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Perceived Benefits |
-belief of the advantages of the methods for reducing the risk of disease |
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Perceived Barriers |
-belief regarding the actual costs of performing the new behavior -this and Perceived Benefits make up Expected Net Gain |
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Cues to Action
Self-Efficacy |
-precipitating force that makes the person feel the need to take action
-confidence to perform a behavior |
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Limitations of HBM |
-it lacks consistent predictive power because it focuses on a limited number of factors -measurement error -Cues to Action is poorly developed |
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EPPM vs. HBM |
-EPPM attempts to answer "How do individuals responds to fear-arousing communications?" |
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4 Inputs of Extended Parallel Process Model |
-Perceived Efficacy -self or response efficacy -Perceived Threat -susceptibility and severity |
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Self Efficacy
Response Efficacy |
-confidence to perform the tasks needed to control the risk
-confidence that if the tasks are completed the risk will be controlled |
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Susceptibility
Severity |
-perception of how likely the threat is to impact them
-perception of the magnitude of the threat |
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3 Outcomes of EPPM |
-Perceived Threat (Accept) -Perceived Threat (Reject) -No Threat |
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Perceived Threat (Accept) |
-accepting a fear message and engage in a danger control process - means individual will engage in strategies to avert the threat |
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Perceived Threat (Reject) |
-rejecting the message and engage in a fear control process -the individual feels they are unable to engage in strategies or that they will be ineffective |
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Fear (EPPM) |
-for a fear appeal to be successful it must increase the sense of threat and efficacy to successfully engage in response |
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Stage Theories vs. Other Theories discussed |
-stage theories suggest behavior change is a result of individuals passing through a series of stages rather than a spectrum |
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Stage Matched and Stage Targeting Intervention |
SM - beginning where people are ST - the stage people want to achieve |
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Precontemplation (TMC) |
-no intention to take action |
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Contemplation (TMC) |
-thinking about that pros and cons with a behavior change |
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Preparation (TMC) |
-people intend to adopt a new behavior in the immediate future |
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Action (TMC) |
-people have made modification to their lifestyle |
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Maintenance (TMC) |
-people work to prevent relapse |
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Consciousness Raising (TMC POC) |
-finding and learning new facts that support the behavior change |
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Environmental Reevaluation (TMC POC) |
-realizing how the behavior can affect one's social environment |
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Dramatic Relief (TMC POC) |
-experiencing negative emotions with the unhealthy behavior |
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Social Liberation (TMC POC) |
-realizing that norms are supporting the behavior change |
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Self-Reevaluation (TMC POC) |
-realizing that behavior change is an important part of one's identity |
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Self-Liberation (TMC POC) |
-making a commitment to change |
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Helping Relationships (TMC POC) |
-seeking social support for behavior change |
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Counterconditioning (TMC POC) |
-substituting healthier behaviors for unhealthy behaviors |
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Contingency Management (TMC POC) |
-increasing the rewards for the healthy behavior and decreasing the rewards for unhealthy behavior |
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Stimulus Control |
-removing cues to engage in unhealthy behavior and adding cues to engage in the healthy behavior |
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Decisional Balance |
-mental weighing of the pros and cons with behavior change |
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Self-Efficacy |
-confidence to cope with high-risk situations without relapsing |
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Levels of Change in the TMC |
-Situational Problems -Maladaptive Cognitions -Interpersonal Problems -Family Conflicts -Intrapersonal Conflicts |
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Reciprocal Determinism |
-the environment, person, and behavior operate as a whole, never as independent parts |
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Symbolizing Capability (Underpinnings SCT) |
-use of symbols in attributing meaning to experiences |
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Forethought Capability (Underpinnings SCT) |
-most behavior is purposive and regulated by prior thoughts |
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Vicarious Capability (Underpinnings SCT) |
-learning resulting from observing other people's behavior and the consequences for them |
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Self-Regulatory Capability (Underpinnings SCT) |
-setting of internal standards and self-evaluative reactions for behavior |
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Self-Reflective Capability (Underpinnings SCT) |
-analysis of experiences and thinking about one's thoughts |
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Knowledge (Construct SCT) |
-knowledge is a precondition to behavior change but not sufficient Content - involves understanding pros and cons of health behavior Procedural - understanding how to engage in a given health behavior |
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3 Types of imitation in the SCT |
-Modeling Effect -Inhibitory/Dis-Inhibitory Effect -Eliciting Effect |
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Self-Efficacy (Construct SCT) |
-perception on their ability to perform a behavior Task-Specific Resilient - perseverance even when conditions are not ideal |
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4 Strategies that can enhance self-efficacy |
1) Break tasks down 2) Present social role models 3) Strengthen belief that they have what they need to succeed 4) Reduce Stress |
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Outcome Expectations (Construct SCT) |
-the anticipated outcomes that stem from engaging in the behavior Observability - ability to learn through watching others Level of Immediacy - short or long term |
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Goal Formation (Construct SCT) |
-behavior change is best achieved by breaking down goals into sub-goals |
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Sociostructural Factors (Construct SCT) |
-either supporting or impeding factors -the world people live in enables their ability to effectively engage in goal-directed behavior Incentive Motivation - the use of rewards to modify behavior Facilitation - provision of new structures or resources that enable behaviors |
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Levels of Readiness (SCT) |
Level 1 - high self-efficacy, strong outcome expectations. Little intervention needed Level 2 - doubts about self-efficacy, weak outcome expectations. Multiple intervention points will be required Level 3 - belief that personal control over behavior is lacking |
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Limitations of SCT |
-very broad and tries to explain every human phenomena -there is common misuse by isolating parts of the theory instead of using the whole |
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Constructs directly predict behavior (IM) |
-Environmental Factors -Intentions -Skills and Abilities |
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Constructs directly predict intentions (IM) |
-Attitudes -Norms -Self-Efficacy |
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Attitudes (Construct IM) |
-overall feeling towards a behavior Instrumental - overall eval of the behavior Experimental - overall affective eval of behavior |
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Perceived Norms (Construct IM) |
-social pressure to do a behavior Subjective - people who are important to me think I should/ should not do the behavior Descriptive - most people like me don't perform the behavior |
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Self Efficacy (Construct IM) |
-perception of the ability to perform behavior Perceived Capacity - ability to perform behavior Perceived Autonomy - degree of control over performing behavior |
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Background Factors |
-external variable that should be reflected in the belief structure underlying the given behavior i.e. age, race, religion, or wealth |
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Relative Importance (IM) |
-indicates that one construct could be powerful enough to drive intentions |
