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90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
norm
An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group.
percentile
A point on a ranking scale of 0 to 100. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population rank higher and half lower.
head-sparing
The biological protection of the brain when malnutrition affects body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement sleep, characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves.
co-sleeping
A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together.
neuron
One of the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain.
cortex
The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex.
axon
A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons.
dendrite
A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives the electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.
synapse
The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.
transient exuberance
The great increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in and infant's brain during the first two years of life.
pruning
The process following transient exuberance in which unused neurons and misconnected dendrites atrophy and die.
experience-expectant
Refers to the brain functions that require certain basic common experiences (which an infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally.
experience-dependent
Refers to brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant.
prefrontal cortex
The area of cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control.
shaken baby syndrome
A life-threatening condition that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, rupturing blood vessels in the brain and breaking neural connections.
self-righting
The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit.
sensitive period
A time when a certain kind of growth or development is most likely to happen or happens most rapidly.
sensation
The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus.
perception
The mental processing of sensory information, when the brain interprets a sensation.
binocular vision
The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image.
motor skill
The learned ability to move some part of the body, from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid.
fine motor skills
Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.
immunization
A process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease.
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
A situation in which a seemingly healthy infant, at least 2 months of age, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly. The cause is unknown, but it is correlated with sleeping on the stomach and having parents who smoke.
protein-calorie malnutrition
A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in severe illnesses, severe weight loss, and sometimes death.
marasmus
A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies.
kwashiorkor
A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases.
failure to thrive
When an infant isn't touched or held it dies (this is Carter's definition).
Babinski reflex
When infants' feet are stroked, their toes fan upward.
Swimming reflex
When infants are laid horizontally on their stomachs, they stretch out their arms and legs.
Palmar grasping reflex
When something touches infants' palms, they grip it tightly.
Moro reflex
When someone startles them, infants fling their arms outward and then bring them together on their chests, as if to hold something, while crying with wide-open eyes.
reflex
A responsive movement that seems automatic because it almost always occurs in reaction to a particular stimulus.
sensorimotor intelligence
Piaget's term for the way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development. There are six sub-stages during the sensorimotor period, which lasts from birth until 24 months.
Sensorimotor Intelligence Stage 1
(Primary Circular Reactions: birth to 1 month)

Reflexes: sucking, grasping, staring, listening...
Sensorimotor Intelligence Stage 2
(Primary Circular Reactions: 1-4 months)
The first acquired adaptations: accommodation and coordination of reflexes. (Examples: sucking a pacifier differently from a nipple; grabbing a bottle to suck it)
Sensorimotor Intelligence Stage 3
(4-8 months: Secondary Circular Reactions)
An awareness of things: responding to people and objects (Example: clapping hands when mom says patty-cake)
Sensorimotor Intelligence Stage 4
(Secondary Circular Reactions: 8-12 months)
New adaptation and anticipation: becoming more deliberate and purposeful in responding to people and objects (Example: putting mom's hands together in order to make her start playing patty-cake)
Sensorimotor Intelligence Stage 5
(Tertiary Circular Reactions: 12-18 months)
New means through active experimentation: experimentation and creativity in the actions of the "little scientist" (Example: flushing a teddy bear down the toilet)
Sensorimotor Intelligence Stage 6
(Tertiary Circular Reactions: 18-24 months)
New means through mental combinations: considering before doing provides the child with new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial-and-error experiments (Remembering the toilet flooding last time so hesitating to flush again)
Primary Circular Reactions (Stages 1 and 2)
The first of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving the infant's own body. The infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and so on, and tries to understand them.
Secondary Circular Reactions (Stages 3 and 4)
The second of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor intelligence, this one involving people and objects. The infant is responsive to other people and to toys and other objects the infant can touch and move.
Tertiary Circular Reactions (Stages 5 and 6)
The third of three types of feedback loops in sensorimotor development, this one involving active exploration and experimentation. The infant explores a range of new activities, varying his responses as a way of learning about the world.
object permanence
The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they cannot be seen, touched, or heard.
"little scientist"
Piaget's term for the stage-five toddler (12-18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results.
deferred imitation
A sequence in which an infant first perceives something that someone else does and then performs the same action a few hours or even days later. (A stage-six intellectual accomplishment.)
habituation
The process of getting used to an object or event through repeated exposure to it.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
A measuring technique in which the brain's electrical excitement indicates activation anywhere in the brain.
information-processing theory
A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output.
affordance
An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment.
visual cliff
An experimental apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden drop between one horizontal surface and another.
people preference
A universal principle of infant perception, consisting of an innate attraction to other humans, which is evident in visual, auditory, tactile, and other preferences.
dynamic perception
Perception that is primed to focus on movement and change.
reminder session
A perceptual experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment.
child-directed speech
The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants.
naming explosion
A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.
holophrase
A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
grammar
All the methods - word order, verb forms, and so on - that languages use to communicate meaning, apart from the words themselves.
language acquisition device (LAD)
Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including the basic aspects of vocabulary, grammar, and intonation.
Emotional Emergence: Birth - 4 months
Birth: Crying, Contentment.
6 wks: Social Smile
3 mnths: Laughter, Curiosity
4 mnths: Full, responsive smile
Emotional Emergence: 4 1/2 months - 12 months
4-8 mnths: anger
9-14 mnths: Fear of social events
12 mnths: Fear of unexpected sights/sounds
Emotional Emergence: 18 months
Self-awareness, pride, shame, embarrassment.
Social Smile
A smile evoked by a human face; normally around 6 weeks after birth
Stranger wariness
An infant's expression of concern- a quiet stare, clinging to a familiar person, or sadness- when a stranger appears
Separation Anxiety
An infant's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves; most obvious between 9 and 14 months.
Self-awareness
a person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual, with body, mind, and actions that are separate from those of other people
trust versus mistrust
Erikson's first psychosocial crisis. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs are met.
autonomy versus shame and doubt
Erikson's second crisis psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies.
Social Learning
learning by observing others
Working model
In cognitive theory, a set of assumptions that the individual uses to organize perceptions and experiences.
temperament
Inborn differences between one person and another in emotions, activity, and self-control.
goodness of fit
A similarity of temperament and values that produces a smooth interaction between and individual and their social context.
ethnotheory
A theory that underlies the values and practices of a culture and that becomes apparent through analysis and comparison of those practices.
proximal parenting
parenting practices that involve close physical-contact with the child's entire body; cradling and swinging.
distal parenting
Parenting practices that focus on the intellect more than the body; talking with the baby.
synchrony
a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange of responses between a caregiver and an infant.
still-face technique
an experimental practice in which an adult keeps their face unmoving and expressionless in face-to-face interaction with an infant.
attachment
Ainsworth: an affectional tie that an infant forms with the caregiver - a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of the caregiver.
insecure-avoidant attachment
a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, cares not about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return.
insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment
a pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant is very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contact on reunion.
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return
Strange situation
a laboratory procedure for measuring attachment by evoking infant's reactions to stress
social referencing
Seeking information about how to react to an unfamiliar or ambiguous object or event by observing someone else's expression or reactions
infancy recap: 3 months
rolls over; stays half-upright in stroller; uses two eyes together; grabs for objects; makes cooing noises; joyous recognition in familiar persons
infancy recap: 6 months
sits up without support; smiles and laughs; babbles, listens and responds with facial expressions; tries to crawl; stands and bounces with support; anger, fear, attachment shown
infancy recap: 12 months
stands alone; crawls well; few unsteady steps; feeds self; speaks a few words; fear of strangers; attachment to caregivers
infanct recap: 18 months
walks well; runs but falls; clim on furniture; 50-100 words spoken; begins toilet training; little scientist; self-awareness
infancy recap: 24 months
runs well; combining words; can use fingers in fine-motor ways; interested in other children/new experiences