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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mental Operations
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cognitive actions that can be performed on objects or ideas
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Deductive Reasoning
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drawing conclusions from facts; characteristic of formal operations
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Working Memory
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Type of memory in which small number of items can be stored BRIEFLY
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Long Term Memory
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Permanent storehouse for memories that has unlimited capacity
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Organization
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as applied to children's memory a strategy in which info to be remembered is structured so that related info is placed together
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elaboration
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memory strategy in which info is embellished to make it more memorable
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Meta-Memory
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Person's informal understanding of memory; Includes the ability to dx memory problems accurately and to monitor the effectiveness of memory strategies
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Metacognitive Knowledge
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a person's knowledge & awareness of cognitive processes
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Cognitive Self Regulation
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Skill at identifying goals, selecting effective and accurate monitoring; a characteristic of sucessful students
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PsychoMetricians
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psychologists who specialize in measuring psychological traits such as intelligence & personality
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Gardner's types of Intelligence
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Linguistic, logical-math, Spatial, Musical, Body-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic, Existential
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Linguistic
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Knowing the meanings of words, ability to use words to understand new ideas, language and convey meanings
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Logic-Math
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Understand relations that exist among objects, actions, ideas as well as math operations
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Spatial
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Perceiving objects accurately and imagining in the 'minds eye' the appearance of an object before and after it has been transformed.
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Musical
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Comprehending and producing sounds varying in pitch, rhythm and emotional tone
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Body-Kinesthetic
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Using one's body in highly differentiated ways such as dancers, craftspeople, and athletics
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Interpersonal
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Identifying different feelings, moods, motivations and intentions in others
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Intrapersonal
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Underingstanding one's emotions and knowing ones strengths and weaknesses
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Naturalistic
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Recognizing and distinguishing among members of a group and describing relations between such groups
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Existential
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Considering 'ultimate' issues such as the purpose of life and the nature of death
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Caroll's General intelligence chart
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Fluid,crystallized, general memory&learning, Broad visual perception, Broad auditory perception, Broad retrieval ability, Broad cognitive speediness, Processing speed
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Savants
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individuals w/ mental retardation who are talented in one domain
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Emotional Intelligence
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ability to use one's own and other's emotions effectively for solving problems and living happily
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Analytic ability
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in Sternberg's theory of intelligence the ability to analyze problems and generate solutions
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Creative Ability
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In sternberg's theory of intelligence the ability to deal adaptively with novel situations and problems
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Practical Ability
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In Sternberg's theory of intelligence the ability to know which problem solutions are likely to work
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MA Mental Age
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in intelligence testing, a measure of children's performance corresponding to the chronological age of those whose performance equals the childs
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IQ: Intelligence quotient
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math representation of how a person scores on an intelligence test compared to somebody the same age
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Dynamic Testing
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measures learning potential by having a child learn something new in the presence of an examiner and with the examiners help
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Culture Fair Intelligence Testin
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Intelligence tests devised using items common to many cultures
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Sterotype Threat
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Evoked fear of being judged in accordance with negative stereotype about a group you belong to.
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Convergent Thinking
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Using info to arrive at one standard and correct answer
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Divergent Thinking
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thinking in novel and unusual directions
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Mental Retardation
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substantially below average intelligence before age of 18
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Organic Mental Retardation
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something that can be traced to a specific biological or physical problem
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Familial Mental Retardation
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does not involve biological damage ; represents low end of normal distribution of intelligence
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learning disability
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child with normal intelligence with problem mastering one subject
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4 types of mental retardation
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profound, sever, moderate and mild
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Word Recognition
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process of identifying unique pattern of letters
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Comprehension
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process of extracting meaning from sequence of words
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Phonological Awareness
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ability to hear distincitive sounds of letters
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Knowledge Telling strategy
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writing down information as it is retrieved from memory, common practice for young writers
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Knowledge transforming strategy
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deciding what info to include and how to best organize it to convey a point
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Piaget: Preoperational
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egocentric: think others see the world just as they do. confuse appearances w/ reality. Unable to reverse thinking. (pre school)
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Piaget: Concret Operations
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7-11yrs old, as they have more experience they realize there are other view points, school age childrent aquire mental operations
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Piaget: Formal operations
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age 11-adult, expand beyond only concrete/real, able to think hypothetical/reason abstractly.
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Criticism of Piaget's View
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Over estimates cognitive competence in adolescents, vague concerning processes of change, doesn't account for variablility in kids performance, under values influence of socio cultural enviornment
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What do Info-processing psychologists believe?
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that cognitive development proceeds by increases in efficiency in which kids store info.
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Info Processing Psychologists think human thought takes place where?
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Working Memory
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What happens if info you learn is not transferred to long term memory?
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It is lost indefinitely
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5 Effective memory strategies
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highlighting key sentences, outlining chapters, notes, writing summaries and testing yourself
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Metamemory
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dx memory problems accurately, monitoring effectiveness of memory strategies
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Charles Spearman
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reports supporting findings that the general factor for intelligence (g) is responsible for performance on all mental tests
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Thurstone & Thurstone
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Analyzed performance on wide range of tasks. Identified 7 distinct patterns
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Thurstone&Thurstone 7 patterns
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perceptual speed, word comprehension, word fluency, spatial relations, number proficiency, memory and inductive reasoning
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John Caroll
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proposed hierarchy of intelligence includes general vs distinct. (Ignores research on cognitive development)
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The 3 types of abilities
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Creative, Practical, Analytical
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Sternberg Theory of Intelligence
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intelligence defined as using ones abilities skillfully to acheive personal goals
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Formula for IQ
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Ratio of mental age to chronological age x 100
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Stanford-Binet
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developed intelligence "IQ" testing
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What IQ range for profound mental retardation
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10-20
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What IQ range for severe mental retardation
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30
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What IQ range for moderate mental retardation
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40-60
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What IQ range for mild mental retardation
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60-70
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The majority of mentally retarded people are in which category?
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Mild
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Factors that contribute to Comprehension
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Kids become more skilled at recognizing words freeing up more working memory, working memory increases, aquire more general knowledge of physical social and psychological worlds, w/ experience are using more appropriate reading strategies, better monitor their comprehension
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Basic strategies the promote reading comp
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select goal for reading, making mental picture of what they're reading, predict what's going to happen in text, summarize aloud what's happened so far
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Leading country for child intelligence
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Singapore ~> south asia
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Factors for better education
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time in school and how used, time spent on homework and attitudes towards it, parental attitude, parental belief about effort/ability
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Stevenson & Stegler suggestions for improved sucess in schools
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teachers more free time to develop lesson plan & grade work, improved teacher training, Organize instruction around learning, set higher standards for kids
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Most effective teaching strategies
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make most of class time instruction, believe teachers are responsible for most of kids learning, emphasize mastery of topics, teach effectively, pay attention to pacing, value tutoring, teach children techniques for managing their learning
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age 11-12 who is taller boys or girls?
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girls are usually 1/2 inch taller then boys
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Elementary growth rate
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gain 8 lbs and 2-3 inches per year
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Which race is leading in growth
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African American second to caucasion and last asian
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How many calories for a preschooler?
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1500-1700
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How may calories for a 7-10 yr old
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2400 (1700-3300
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How many calories should a child's breakfast provde?
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1/4 of total calories
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11 yr old growth rate compared to 6 yr old
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3x faster
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Girls excel in which skills?
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Fine motor- handwriting
Gross motor- tumbling (involving flexibility) |
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Boys excel in which skills?
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Gross motor involving strength
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What do sports offer kids?
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enchancement in physical, motor, cognitive and social development
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