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244 Cards in this Set
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A field of study that focuses on a development of an indv person over a lifespan. Interest in how we can over the years.
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Developmental psychology
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What are some examples of how we change over time?
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Size, weight, height, cognitive, learning, imagination
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What are some examples of how we remain the same over time?
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eye color, intelligence, and personality
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What are the three areas in which human development is separated, which interact at every age?
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Physical, cognitive, social-emotional
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Describe the 4 contexts of development?
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Social, historical, socioeconomic, cultural
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What classifies as social context of development...
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Family, school, religion, political party.
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What classifies as historical context of development...
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Historical: time growing up
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What classifies as socioeconomic context of development...
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Money growing up
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What classifies as a cultural context of development...
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Beliefs, values, norms of language.
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What are three parts of cultural context of development...
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1. Child-rearing practices
2. Ethnicity/Race 3. Culture & Indv. Differences |
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What are the two controversies in developmental psychology?
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1) Nature vs. Nature
2) Early-Late Life Experiences Freud believed in early. |
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Nature and Nurture is have a _____ interaction.
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complex, interaction. Neither is necessarily correct.
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Which psychological research methods are non causal and which are causal.
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Non-causal: Description and Predication
Causal: Control |
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Scientific methods rely on...
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Facts
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What are the steps of a developmental psychology theory? (7)
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Test a hypothesis
Define Variables Choose a population Select population Select a sample Divide samples into groups Analyze results Explain findings |
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When choosing a hypothesis it must be...
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extremely specific (only 1 sent long) and can be proven false or true.
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There must be 2 different types of variables...
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Independent and Dependent
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A variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable
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independent variable
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A variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.
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dependent variable
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This establishes causal relationships among variables.
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An experiment
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A population is...
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Everyone interested in being studied in an experiment
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A sample is...
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A portion of the population.
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This sample has equal chances of being selected.
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Random sample
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____ are much cheaper and easier.
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Samples
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This is where you draw randomly - must have research apply to group sample
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Representative sample for generalization
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Samples must be divided into ___, ______
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2, Groups
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These groups are called ....
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Experimental and control
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Gets a particular treatment (IV)
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Experimental group (2 or more people)
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A group that does not get the treatment (IV)
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Control group
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Each group is then divided into 2 groups...
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Present (IV) and Measure (DV)
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The second to last step in conducting research is to..
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Analyze results
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The last step to conducting research is to...
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Explain your findings
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Explaining your findings includes...
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How, why, did you find what you expected??
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What are the 4 goals associated with methods of psychological research? In order..
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Description, Prediction, Control, and Explain
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What do you do in the describing goal...
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Describe or measure the IV and/or the DV. Define variables
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What are the methods associated with the description goal?
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Naturalistic
Survey Case Study Archival Psychological/Medical Tests |
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What method is watching and observing?
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Naturalistic Observation
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Information is collected from a large number of people
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Surveying
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_____ answers are influenced by the wording and the sequence of questions. Hard to get valid answers.
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Surveys
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This method is typically a psych in a chair. usually one person with an odd behavior.
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Case Study
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This method deals with records/history?
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Archival
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This method deals with paper/pencil tests, interpreting pictures, blood, x-rays..
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Psychological testing/medical
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This goal has a purpose to compare two groups of invd. to see if the IV will predict the occurrence of the DV
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Prediciction
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Which method is associated with the predication goal?
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Correlation
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This exists between two variables if one variable is more or less likely to occur when the other does.
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Correlation
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Both variables tend to increase together..
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Positive correlation
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One variable tends to increase while the other decreases...
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Negative correlation
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No connect between variables is evident..
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Zero correlation
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Correlation and causation..
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are not the same thing.
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This is a the preferred goal...
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Control
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This is the only goal that can tell us cause of something...
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Control
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The purpose of this goal is to compare two or more groups to see if the IV causes the DV.
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Control
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The control goal contains what method...
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Experimental
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What is the 4th goal of psych research?
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Explain
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The purpose of the explain goal is to...
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Describe, predict, and control behavior and mental processes. Why, when, and how something occurs.
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The last goal relies on the _____
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last 3 steps.
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Which goal are causal?
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control
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Which goals are non-causal?
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Description and prediction
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Provides data that can be expressed with numbers, such as ranks or scales...
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Quantitative research
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This research is based on quality.
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Qualitative research
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When something is empirical it is...
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based on observations, repeated experiences, and verifiable experiments.
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This is the repetition of a study, using different participants.
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Replication
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Refers to the influence of gens which we inherit.
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Nature
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This refers to the environmental influences such as health, family, school, and society.
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Nurture
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This is a time when certain things must occur for normal development.
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Critical period
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This is when a particular development occurs most easily...
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Sensitive period
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What are the three main research methods?
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Cross-sectional Research
Longitudinal Research Cross-sequential Research |
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This method is where groups of people of one age are compared with people of another age.
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Cross-sectional
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This method is where data is collected repeatedly on the same indv. as they age.
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Longitudinal
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This method is where several groups of people at different ages are studied. They are followed over years. Mix of cross-sectional and longitudinal
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Cross-sequential
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What are the disadvantages of longitudinal?
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Takes a long time, costly, participants may leave study
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What are the advantages of longitudinal?
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Reliable information
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What are the disadvantages of cross-sectional
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Not as accurate, not same pattern, out dates itself
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What are the advantages of cross-sectional?
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Quicker, comparisons, easier, less expensive.
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What method is the best/reliable?
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Cross-sequential
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What are the disadvantages of cross-sequential?
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Longtime and very expensive
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What are the advantages of cross-sequential?
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Clear picture, accurate
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What are the components of an ethical study?
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Must benefit human life
Must be approved by Instit. Review Board Participants are given informed consent. Must debrief is deception was used. Animals must be treated humanly. |
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This provides a systematic statement of principles and generalizations.
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developmental theory
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Why are theories important?
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Provides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older
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A theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood underlie human behavior.
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Psychoanalytic Theory
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Described eight developmental stages, each characterized by a challenging developmental crisis.
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Erickson's Psycho-social Theory
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What are the 5 stages of psychosexual theory?
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Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
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During _________, the lips, gums, and tongue, are focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body. Feeding and sucking are the most stimulating activities.
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Oral stage, birth to 1 year
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During _____, the anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby's body, and toilet training is the most important activity.
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Anal stage, 1-3 years
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During _______, the penis, is the most important body part, and pleasure is derived from genital stimulation. Boys are proud of their penises; girl wonder why they don't have one.
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Phallic stage, 3-6 years
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During ______, which is not really a stage but an interlude during which sexual needs are quiet and children put psychic energy into conventional activities like schoolwork and sport.
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Latency, 6-11 years
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During ____, the gentials are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual relationships.
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Genital stage, adulthood
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____ believed that the genital stage lasts throughout adulthood. He said goal of a healthy life is to "___ and ___"
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Freud, love and work
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In _______, babies either trust that others will care for their basic needs, including nourishment, warmth, cleanness, and physical contact, or develop mistrust about the care of others.
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Trust vs. Mistrust, Birth to 1 year
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Children either become self-sufficient in many actives, including toileting, feeding, walking, exploring or doubt their own abilities.
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, 1-3 years
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Children either want to undertake many adult like activities or internalize the limits and prohibitions set by parents. They feel adventurous or guilty.
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Initiative vs. Guilt, 3-6 years
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Children busily learn to be competent and productive in mastering new skills or feel inferior, unable to do anything as well as they wish they could.
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Industry vs. Inferiority, 6-11 years
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Try to figure out "Who am I?" They establish sexual, political, religious, and vocational identities or are confused about what role they play
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Identity vs. Role confusion, Adolescence
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Young adults seeks companionship and love or become isolated from others because they fear rejection and disappointment.
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Intimacy vs. Isolation, Adulthood
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Middle aged adults contribute to the next generation through meaningful work, creative activities, and/or raising a family OR they stagnate
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Generativity vs. Stagnation, Adulthood
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Older adults try to make sense out of their lives, either seeing life as meaningful whole or despairing at goals never reached.
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Integrity vs. Despair, Adulthood
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Pleasure is located in different body parts at different stages of life.
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Freud's psychosexual
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The process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.
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Conditioning
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______ believe that a child is born into the world knowing nothing.
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Learning theorists
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A process in which a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually reacting to the neutral stimulus with the same response as to the meaningful one.
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Classical conditioning (Pavlov)
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A learning process in which a particular action is followed either by something desired or by something unwanted.
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Operant conditioning (Skinner)
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Increasing the probability of a response
Food for hungry animal Pat on back for good job |
Reinforcement
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People learn by observing other people and then copying them.
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Modeling
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How effective people think they are when it comes to changing themselves or altering their social context.
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Self-efficacy
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Demonstrated classical conditioning by using dogs. A number of repetitions of the tone-then-food sequence.
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Ivan Pavlov
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Demostrated operate conditioning in which animals do something and experience a consequence. If the consequent is useful/pleasurable they will do it again.
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Skinner
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According to ____, cognitive theory, thoughts and expectations profoundly affect attitudes, beliefs and assumptions
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Piaget
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In this stage infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world. Learning is active; there is no conceptual or reflective thinking.
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Senior motor, birth to age 2
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In this stage, children think magically and poetically, using language to understand the world. Thinking is egocentric, causing children to perceive the world from their own point of view.
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Preoperational, 2-6 years
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During this stage children understand and apply logical operations, or principles, to interpret experiences objectively and rationally. Their thinking is limited to what they can personally see, hear, touch, and experience.
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Concrete Operational, 6-11 years
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During this stage, adolescents and adults think about abstractions and hypothetical concepts and reason analytically, not just emotionally. They can be logical about things they have ever experienced.
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Formal operational, 12 years thru adulthood
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In what stage, do infants learn that an object still exists when it is out of sight (object permanence) and begin to think through mental processes
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Sensorimotor
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In what stage does the imagination flourish, and language becomes a significant mean of self-expression and of influence from others.
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Preoperational
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By applying logical abilities, children learn to understand concepts of conservation, number, classification, and many other scientific ideas.
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Formal operational
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New experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas.
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Assimilation
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Old ideas are restructured to include new expressions
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Accommodation
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Our childlike personality.It is dominant in infancy and contains our unconscious drives.
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Id
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Our moral ideal learned from parents and society. It develops during the phallic stage.
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Superego
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The conscious self that is apparent by adulthood
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Ego
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Erickson believed that Freud's stages were...
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too limited and too few.
emphasized more on family and culture rather than just sexual urges. |
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___ used modeling as observational behavior.
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Bandura
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___ was less interested in what children knew than he was in how children think.
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Piaget
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What was the central thesis of Piaget's cognitive theory?
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Quality of process
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Who is the major pioneer associated with the socio-cultural perspective?
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Vygotsky
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Novices must require whatever knowledge and capabilities their society/culture requires.
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Social cultural Theory
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What learners understand with guidance. Amount a person is capable of learning.
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Zone proximal development
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What is the focus of epigentic theory?
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Children are packed with genes, genes are related to environment and can be shaped by the environment.
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If there is stress in one's life, stress can activate gene. EX) alcoholism
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Diathesis stress
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When diathesis stress is activated you experience...
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disease of adaptation.
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Psychoanalytic Theory has been faulted for being too
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subjective
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Behaviorism has been faulted for being too
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mechanistic
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Cognitive theory has been faulted for
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undervaluing emotions
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Sociocultural theory has been faulted for
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neglected indiv
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What does research tell us about the influence of nature and nurture on indv differences?
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Understand that differences are b/c of nature/nurture but are very complex interaction between the 2.
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What is the central issue for psychologists studying human development.
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Want to know how much of development is nature or nurture?
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What are gametes?
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Ova (egg) and sperm
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How many sperm are there in one ejaculation.
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20 million
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How many eggs are active in the process of developement.
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only 1
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When does human development begin?
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All human life begins at conception when the sperm penetrates the egg
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Where does human developemnt begin?
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Occurs in the fallopian tubes
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What is fertilization?
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Occurs right after conception. Cell begins to divide. Also in fallopian tubes.
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Once sperm penetrates the egg it..
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creates a barrier on the egg.
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What kind of development takes place once fertilization occurs?
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Sperm + egg = 1 cell or a zygote.
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What are chromosomes?
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chemical coded messages
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What is the purpose of chromosomes
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to transmit and store genetic information
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what is the number of chromosomes an average person carries?
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46 chromosomes or 23 pair
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Describe the characterisitic of the 23rd pair of chromosomes
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They do not match very closely.
Sizes are different They determine sex The X is much bigger than the Y. Dad gives 50%, Mom gives 50% |
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Little segments of DNA of different lengths (different colors)
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Genes
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What are two goals do genes accomplish?
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1. Contribtuion of species
2. Genetic Diversity (everyone is different) |
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AIDS
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Aquired Immune Defiency System - die of infection, poor immune systems, and replicate DNA
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What is a unique feature of DNA?
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DNA can repilcate itself and the body doesn't recongize AIDS for this reason.
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What are three types of genetic instructions.
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1. Determine what cells become what part of the body.
2. Genes determine how cells function (eye=focus, hear=push blood) 3. ON/OFF switching mechanism. Tells certain cells when to work or do nothing (die off) |
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What is the makeup of one's genetic code?
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Four bases = A, G, C, T
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Pair up bases...
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AT, TA, GC, CG
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Many _____ influence showing up of gene.
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factors
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This means many genes...
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Polygentic
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Genes have 3 traits...
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Psychical, social, cognitive,
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Referring to two genes of one pair that differ insome way. Typically one allele has only a few base pairs that are different.
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Heterozygous
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How are traits determined?
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They are determined by sequence of pairs on DNA strand.
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The genes on the chromosomes that constitute the organisms genetic inheritance.
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Genotype
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A full set of genes that are the instructions to make an idv member of a certain speices.
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Genome.
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Referring to two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their cody.
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Homozygous
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What is a genotype?
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All the genes you carry (some are latent)
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What is a phenotype?
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Only genes that show up or express.
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Cell splits into 2 identical cells, this is called this because their one egg and one sperm.
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Monozygotic or Indentical twins
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2 ova are released at the same time. 2 ova and 2 sperm.
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Dizyogtic or fraternal twins
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Fraternal twins can be...
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girl/girl, boy/boy, girl/boy
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Fraternal twins have ___% in common with other siblings.
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50
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Indentical twins can be...
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girl/girl, boy/boy
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How do chromosomal abnormalities occur?
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Chromosomes unable to find a match. May have less than 46 total. 1 in 200 births.
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What is the most common chromosomal abnormalitiy?
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Down Syndrome - Chromosome 21 (has 3 not 2)
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How do chromosomal abnormalities occur?
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Chromosomes are alterted (added or subtracted)
Age of mother enhances. |
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Sex chromosome abnormalities occur when there is ____
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mismatching chromosomes on the 23rd pair, 1 out 500 births
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If Y is there....
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it is almost always male
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This chacteristics you are born with...
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primary,such as vagina, penis
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These characterics come later in life...
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During puberty... secondary sex characteristics such as, hair, voice changes, growing, weight,
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In this abnormalite, more males have a fraigile x
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Fragile X
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In genetic disorders, this trait shows up
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Dominant
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In gentic disorder, this rarely shows up.
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Recessive. Usually fatal or very dangerous.
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This syndrome occurs in males. Secondary sex characteristic do not develop. For expample the penis does not grow, the voice does not change. Breast may even develop.
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Kleinfelter syndrome (1 in 900)
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What is the chromosomal pattern in Kleinfelter syndrome ?
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XXY
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What is the psych characteristics in Kleinfelter syndrome?
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Learning-disabled, especailly in language skills.
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This is a common abnormality in males. They prone to acne and unusually tall.
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Super male
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What is the chromosomal pattern in super male?
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XYY
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This abnormality occurs in male or female. Often large head, prominent ears. Occasionally, enlarged testicles in males. Stimulation
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Fragile X
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What is the chromosomal pattern fragile X?
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XY
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What psychological characteristics are found in super male?
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Tend to be more agressive than most males. Mildly retarded, especially in language skills.
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Super male is found in how many indv.
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1 in 1,000 males
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What are the psychological characteristics found in fragile x?
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Some indv appear normal; others severely retarded, with impaired social skills.
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How many people get Fragile X?
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1 in 1000 in males
1 in 2500 in females |
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This abnormality is found in females. They are short in stature, often "webbed" neck. Secondary sex characteristics (breasts, menstruation) do not develop.
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Turner Syndrome
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What chromosomal pattern is found in turner syndrome.
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XO (only one sex chromosome)
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Turner syndrome is found in...
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1 in 2000 females
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What psychological characteristics are found in those with Turner syndrome?
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Learning-disabled, especially in abilties related to math and science and in recognition of facial expressions of emotion.
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What is free will?
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The choice to choose
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What is determination?
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Genetics
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What is the interaction between free will/determination
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There is no agreement. There are too many complex associations. No one postion is accurate in terms of different behavior
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What development occurs during the (1st) germinal stage?
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Conception, fertilization - child is called a zygote.
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What are the 2 steps of the germinal stage?
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Cell Division
Separation of cells - some divide inside/some make cell membrane barrier. |
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When does germinal stage occur?
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1 - 3 weeks
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When does the embryonic stage occur?
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3 - 8 weeks
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What are the six things that occur during embryonic stage?
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1) Differentiation of cells
2) Formation of body structure 3) Head 4) Extremities 5) Sex Development 6) Bodily Systems |
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What 2 things happy under body structures during the embryonic stage?
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a) Neural tube (brain/spinal cord)
b) Grow in dirrent directions - Cephalo -caudal (head to tale -Proximo-distal (center to outside) |
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Organs are developed by end of this stage?
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Embryonic
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When does the fetal stage occur?
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9 weeks- birth
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What occurs in the fetal stage?
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1) Most appreciable development (brain grows 6x bigger)
2) Complete development -put on body fat weight that is needed to survive outside the womb. |
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If the fetus can get to ____ lb, it has a ___ chance of surviving.
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3 lb, 90%
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What is the purpose of weight gain of fetus?
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They lose weight during birth
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What is the age of viability?
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Might survive - 24 to 25 weeks
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What crucial systems when making a distinction btwn fragile preemies and robust babies?
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Cardiovascular and respiratory systems
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This is a substance that can cause or lead to damage of baby. EX) fumes, paint, certain meds.
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Teratogen
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What are the three factors relating to teratogens?
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1) Timing of exposure (2 week before birth and germinal)
2) Amount of exposure 3) Genetic Vulnerability. |
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How much a person can have of teratogen until they have an effect?
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Threshold Effect
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This is where there is no threshold and several substances are mixed. Very dangerous.
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Interaction effect
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Boy are more _____ to genetic vulnerability because they have small chromosomes.
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prone
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This causes blindnes, deafness, heart abnormality, brain damage. Today there is an vaccine.
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Reubella
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One of the most devastating teratogens and result always in death.
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AIDS
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What type of legal drugs are teratogens?
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Alcohol (FAS) and tabacco (growth is slowed, labor problems)
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What type of illegal drugs are teratogens?
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Meth, Mary J, Heroin, Cocaine
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What does meth do?
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Not entirely known but inhibits/slows growth
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Marijuana does what?
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CNS impairment
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Heroin does what?
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Babies are born with addiction
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Cocaine does what?
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Fetal growth is slowed, risk of placenta problems.
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What are the causes of low birth weight?
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Smoking, age (teens), genetic, health of mother
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What are the effects of low birth weight?
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Nutrient and immunity factors, enzymes and vitamins are found in fat. Increased developmental risks
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How weight do babies lose when born?
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5-10%
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How long is first birth?
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Max 8-12 hrs average
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How long is 2+ birth?
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Max 4-6 hrs average (cut first birth in half)
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What are Apgar scales?
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scale of 1 - 10 that monitors 5 different conditions.
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What conditions are monitored by the Apgar scale?
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Heart rate, breathing muscle tone, color, and reflexes
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What is the goal for Apgar? wa
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7 or more = good
3 or less = baby is in need of help |
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What is the position of infant-parent bonding?
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happens over time with most parents. Not always immediate.
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Adoptive parents...
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can love a baby the same develop over time.
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Gene/ environment limit _____, but retain ___ to select certain options.
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behavioral choices, freedom
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We are not always ____ of our behavior though but you think you do. For example) driving bipolar
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aware
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At 6 weeks, the sex of a baby is ....
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undifferentiated.
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A ___ signals the Y to release testosterone and androgen. This determines that if you are male and female.
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neurotransmitter
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This genetic disease is made up of mucous obstructions, especially in lungs and digestive organs?
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Cystic Fibrosis
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How long do people with cystic fibrosis live.
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Middle adulthood - 20s
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This genetic disease is char by abnormal digestion of protein, mental retardation. Often called failure to survive.
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PKU
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This is char by abnormal blood cells, possible painful crisis, heart and kidney failure. Fatal and often found in African Americans
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Sickle cell anemia
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In this disease a healthy infants becomes weak and dies usually by age 5. Found in Jews.
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Tay-Sachs Disease
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Uncontrollable tics, body jerking, verbal outbursts are found in someone who has...
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Tourette syndrome
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