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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vygotsky's term for young people whose intellectual growth is stimulated by older/more skilled members of society.
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apprentice in thinking
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A child focuses on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of all others.
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centration
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A societal philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence.
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collectivistic orientation
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A long, narrow strip of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. The two hemispheres become increasingly more efficient in communicating with each other.
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corpus callosum
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An acquisition of language skills critical for learning.
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emergent literacy
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A child focuses on how a person looks and excludes all other attributes.
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focus on appearance
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The process in which children attempt to be similar to their same sex parent and incorporate the parent's attitudes and values.
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gender identification
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The child's perception to him/herself as male or female.
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gender identity
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A child's ability to learn by having social esperiences, exploring their world, and learning from mentors.
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guided participation
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societal philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the uniqueness of the individual.
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individualistic orientation
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Age group of Early Childhood?
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25 mo. to 6 yrs.
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A process through which the axons and dendrites become insulated with a coating of myelin—a fatty substance that speeds transmission of nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
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Myelination
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In early childhood, an increase in brain size is due to what?
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Continued proliferation and creation of communication pathways among the brain’s various specialized areas in response to the child’s experiences. Ongoing myelination.
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According to Erikson the period during which children, ages 3 to 6 experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action.
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initiative-versus-guilt stage
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The inability of the child to see that reversing a process can sometimes restore whatever existed before the transformation.
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rreversibility
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Refers to the differentiation of the two sides of the brain.
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lateralization
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Refers to the tendency to stick to one thought or action even when it has become useless or inappropriate
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perseveration
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Sometimes called the frontal cortex or frontal lobe, this is the last part of the human brain to reach maturity. It is at the front of the brain’s cortex and specializes in “executive functions,” i.e. planning, selecting, and coordinating thoughts.
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prefrontal cortex
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A stage in Piaget’s cognitive theory which lasts from the age of 2 until around 7 years of age. In this stage, children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases.
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preoperational stage
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Actions that change conditions to prevent some unwanted event from occurring.
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primary prevention
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Vygotsky’s term for the internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves and through which new ideas are developed and reinforced.
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private speech
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According to Erikson, development that encompasses changes both in the understanding individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of the behavior of other people.
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psychosocial development
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A situation where achievement in one role that an adult plays, e.g., parent, reduces the impact of disappointment that may occur in another role, e.g., professional career.
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role buffering
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The stress of multiple obligations, e.g., parental, spousal, and vocational.
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role overload
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A sensitive structuring of the young child’s participation in leaning encounters.
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scaffolding
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Actions that avert harm in the immediate situation and reduce the danger of high-risk situations.
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secondary prevention
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A person’s identity or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual.
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self-concept
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A function of speech through which a person’s cognitive skills are refined and extended
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social mediation
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The belief that the world is unchanging and is always in the state in which they currently encounter it.
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static reasoning
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A child’s ability to use a mental symbol, a word, or an object to stand for, or represent, something that is not physically present.
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symbolic function
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Action taken after an adverse event occurs and aimed at reducing the harm, or preventing the disability from getting worse.
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tertiary prevention
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Vygotsky’s terms for a range of skills that a person can exercise with assistance but is not quite ready to perform independently
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zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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The three most influential factors affecting height by end of childhood.
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genes, health, and nutrition.
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THe child's increasing speed in thinking skills is R/T the process of
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myelination
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T or F: A five year old acts strictly on impulse.
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False; A 5 year old can stop and think before acting.
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Which part of the brain specializes in executive functions? (i.e. planning, selecting, and coordinating thoughts.)
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prefrontal cortex
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The caloric requirement is _____ calories with ___ grams of protein.
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1800;24
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3-6 year olds diet should include?
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dark-green vegetables, whole grains, and meat or protein replacement.
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what is the leading accidental cause of death in children?
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car accidents. restraints not used or are improperly used.
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what are the 2nd and 3rd accidental leading cause of death in boys?
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2nd drowning
3rd burns |
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what are the 2nd and 3rd accidental leading cause of death in girls?
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2nd burns
3rd drowning |
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Better lighting at pedestrian crossings, sidewalks, and slower traffic speeds is an example of ______ prevention.
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primary
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Requiring that children only cross the street when the crossing guard has instructed them to do so is an example of ________ prevention.
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secondary
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Rehabilitation for a child after an auto-pedestrian accident is an example of ________ prevention.
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tertiary
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Early childhood thinking includes _____, ____-_____
________ that has no room for logic. |
magical,self-centered imagination
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A person reading to a child will point, read slowly, and answer the childs questions about specific words or what is happening in the picture is an example of ______
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scaffolding
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Government sponsored early childhood program designed for low-income/minority children.
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Head Start
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T or F: Children 3-6yrs experience guilt when their behaviors overstep boundaries.
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TRUE
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What are the three different types of parenting styles?
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Authoritarian, Permissive, and Authoritative parenting.
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Parent's word must be obeyed without variation, any misconduct results in strict punishment.
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Authoritarian parenting
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Parents are nurturing and accepting, discipline is rare. they hope to be friends to their children.
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Permissive parenting
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Set limits and enforce rules, listen and talk to the kids, demand maturity. seek to be guides and mentors.
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Authoritative parenting
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T or F: Motor development during early childhood primarily consists of increases in strength and a refinement of skills already learned such as running, climbing, jumping, and walking.
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TRUE
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By the age of five, the child's brain weighs __% of the average adult brain.
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90
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What allows children to think and act more quickly than toddlers?
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myelin
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Which cortexes of the brain are the earliest to become myelinated?
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Auditory and visual cortexes
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T or F: the left side of the brain controls the left side of the body.
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False; The left side of the brain controls the RIGHT side of the body and vice versa.
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which side of the brain controls the cognitive area r/t logic, detailed analysis, and the basics of language?
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The left side
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Which side of the brain controls generalized emotional and creative impulses?
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The right side
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The __ ___ of the brain picks up on details, the __ ___ of the brain sees the entire picture, and the ___ ____ helps the two sides connect.
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left side; right side; corpus callosum
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Due to the caloric content, children ages one to six should have no more than ___ of fruit juice per day.
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6ounces
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Three levels of prevention used to target intervention strategies:
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primary,secondary, and tertiary prevention.
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Piaget's four characteristics of preoperational thought:
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-centration
-focus on appearance -static reasoning -irreversibility |
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Who contends that people pass through a series of stages in their evolution of justice and in the reasoning strategies they use to make moral judgement?
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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T or F: during the preschool period. children begin moral thinking-- learning right from wrong.
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TRUE
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what type of play?
Taking turns playing dodge ball, agreeing on rules of play for dolls,cars, taking turns on tricycle, |
Cooperative
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what type of play?
Two children draw a picture of a house onseparate pieces of paper, sharing crayons and markers. |
Associative
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what type of play?
One child watches others build a sand castle,color, or work on a puzzle. |
Onlooker
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what type of play?
Children sitting side-by-side, putting together their own puzzles or blocks. |
Parallel
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what type of play?
Making an animal out of clay or building a house with building blocks. |
Constructive
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what type of play?
Rolling or unrolling apiece of clay, moving cars or dolls, jumping repeatedly. |
Functional
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