Lifespan Developmental Psychology

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Attachment

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A close emotional bond between infant and caregivers; considered a process

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Cephalocaudal

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Development from head to feet

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Circular reactions

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Proposed by Piaget. Describes self as a series of circles.

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Deferred imitation

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When a child can initiate an event that occurred at an earlier time--usually soon after 12 months

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Dishabituation

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refers to the response to a new stimulus

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Echoing

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repeating what the child says

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Expanding

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restating what the child says

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Habituation

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A type of learning whereby a repeated or continuous exposure to a stimulus reduces the amount of attention paid to that stimulus

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Holophrase

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the early phase of verbal language that includes beginning vowels

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Imitation

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to copy words, actions or expressions

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Intermodal perception

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the ability to integrate information from 2 or more sensory modalities.

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Labeling

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identifying the names of things

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Language

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a system of symbols that allow us to communicate our thoughts, feelings & desires to others

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Object permanence

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understanding that an object still exists even though it is out of site

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Pragmatics

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the study of the meanings of words & phrases such as "taking turns" and "staying on the topic"

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Classical conditioning

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A reflex behavior (salivation) that is generally caused by a neutral stimuli, is re-conditioned to occur with different stimuli

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Cohort effects

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differences that arise from the unique sociocultural factors to which people from different generations are exposed.

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Behaviorists

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focus entirely on the nurture, or environment side of the nature-nurture debate & consider development as a more continuous process.

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Conscious

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information that is readily available to us is stored here.

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Continuity theorists

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Believe that develpment is the result of gradual & cumulative changes over the entire life span.

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Correlational

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Also called descriptive. Means that variables are related, but you cannot say that one caused the others.

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Cross-sectional

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groups that are studied at only one point in time.

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Data analysis

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refers to statistical proceedures that are done to make sense of the findings of a study.

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Dependent variables

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outcome measures of interest, such as the score on a math test after special instructions have been given to one group

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Defense mechanism

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proposed by Freud that our egos must defend us from daily assaults & do so through defense mechanisms

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descriptive statistics

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includes means, medians, modes, frequencies & simple correlations.

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Discontinuity theorists

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believe that develpment occurs in in discrete, identifiable stages.

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Ego

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centered on the reality principle & starts to develop in infancy. Freud

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Id

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part of the personality that is centered on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. present at birth.

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Superego

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the conscience; it tells the person what he/she should or should not do. Develops last, starting in early childhood