Lifespan Development Preschool Years

Front 1

Why do young preschool aged children enjoy unstructured play so much?

Back 1

- because they have just developed advanced gross motor

Front 2

What are some effects of advancing fine motor coordination in preschool aged children?

Back 2

- increased independence (feeding and clothing)
- Printing and drawing
- improved differentiation and integration

Front 3

Which level of thinking are preschool aged children at?

Back 3

- Preoperational thinking

Front 4

What is Piagets belief on cognitive development?

Back 4

- infants, children, adolescents create theories to try to understand events and objects around them

Front 5

What two processes are involved with intellectual adaptation?

Back 5

- Assimilation and accommodation

Front 6

What are three shortcomings of preschoolers symbolic skills?

Back 6

- Egocentrism
- Centration
- Appearance as reality

Front 7

What does egocentrism refer to in reference to preoperational children?

Back 7

- it refers to preoperational childrens inability to understand that other people differ in their ideas, convictions, emotions, and even physical placement

Front 8

According to Piaget what does centration mean?

Back 8

- it is a term for this narrowly focused thought that characterizes preoperational youngsters

Front 9

Explain centration give an example.

Back 9

- Centration refers to the narrow focus of a preoperational thinker that doesn't allow them to look at more than one part of a problem
- e.g. two of the same glass filled with juice pour one glass into a taller glass and youngster thinks that the taller glass has more fluid because they can't focus on more parts of the situation.

Front 10

What does appearance as reality mean in reference to preoperational children?

Back 10

- Children assume that an object really is what it appears to be e.g. a boy seeing milk with sunglasses would see it as brown, so they would believe that it is really brown

Front 11

A child is unable to find something placed in a full size room, on a scale model representing the room. Why is this?

Back 11

- the appearance as reality feature of preoperational thinkers
- they cannot understand that an object can be a symbol for something else, it is only what it is

Front 12

Based on Piaget's theory how should a teacher, teach addition and subtraction?

Back 12

- the teacher should provide the children with the material necessary to discover how they work they shouldn't simply describe these things to the student
- this is because cognitive growth occurs as children construct their own understanding of the world

Front 13

Piaget's theory says that the best teaching experiences are slightly ahead of of the child's current level of thinking, why is this?

Back 13

- because if the teaching is too far ahead of the students current cognitive level they will not profit because they must be able to interpret the experience with their current cognitive structures

Front 14

Based on Piaget's theory what is the best way for a child to realize mistakes or inconsistencies in their thinking?

Back 14

- Cognitive growth will be maximized if children discover these errors on their own, a teacher shouldn't correct an error directly but should encourage the child to look at a large number of these errors to discover what he or she is doing wrong

Front 15

What is a naive theory?

Back 15

- Children's early theories about how the world works

Front 16

What are the different features of naive biology?

Back 16

- inheritance
- movement
- growth
- internal parts
- healing

Front 17

What would a 4 year olds naive theory of movement be?

Back 17

- only animals can move themselves, inanimate movements can't

Front 18

What would a 4 year olds naive theory of growth be?

Back 18

- animals get bigger inanimate objects don't

Front 19

What would a 4 year olds naive theory of internal parts be?

Back 19

- different things are inside living things than inanimate things

Front 20

What would a 4 year olds naive theory of inheritance be?

Back 20

- only living things have offspring that resemble their parents

Front 21

What would a 4 year olds naive theory of healing be?

Back 21

- injured animate things heal by regrowth whereas inanimate things must be fixed by humans e.g. hair on their head grows back, hair on their dolls head must be replaced

Front 22

What does the term mental hardware refer to?

Back 22

- Neural structures that are built in and allow the mind to operate

Front 23

What does the term mental software refer to?

Back 23

- Mental programs that are the basis for performing particular tasks (e.g. skills, strategies)

Front 24

What is the difference between recognition and recall?

Back 24

- Recognition is the ability to recognize something previously encountered
- Recall is the ability to replicate something from ones own memory

Front 25

What are the three types of memory Nelson distinguishes between?

Back 25

- Generic memory
- Episodic Memory
- Autobiographical memory

Front 26

What is Generic Memory?

Back 26

- starts at about age 2
- production of script which is an outline of repeated events

Front 27

What is Episodic memory?

Back 27

- awareness that a specific event has occurred
- in young children will only last a few months

Front 28

What is autobiographical memory?

Back 28

- refers to peoples long-lasting memories of the significant events and experiences of their own lives

Front 29

What three principles of counting had preschool aged children mastered by the age three?

Back 29

- One to one principle
- Stable-order principle
- Cardinality principle

Front 30

What is the cardinality principle?

Back 30

- the last number name differs from the previous ones in a counting sequence by denoting the number of objects
-e.g. emphasis and repetition "1,2,3, Three!"

Front 31

What is the one-to-one principle?

Back 31

- there must be one number word for each object that is counted

Front 32

What is the stable order principle?

Back 32

- Number names must be counted in the same order

Front 33

What is the Vygotsky's zone of proximal development?

Back 33

- It is the difference between what a child can do alone and what he can do with assistance

Front 34

What is Vygotsky's theory of scaffolding?

Back 34

- a style of teaching in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner's needs

Front 35

What is Vygotsky's theory of private speech?

Back 35

- this self speech is designed to help a child regulate their own behaviour it eventually turns into inner speech (thinking)

Front 36

What type of naming error is underextension?

Back 36

- defining a word too narrowly e.g. car is only their blue minivan

Front 37

What type of naming error is overextension?

Back 37

- defining a word to broadly
- e.g. using the word car to refer to trucks or buses or the word doggie to refer to all four legged animals
- common between 1-3 years old

Front 38

At about what time does telegraphic speech happen?

Back 38

- 18months

Front 39

What are some methods to encourage language growth?

Back 39

- speaking
- naming
-grammatically sophisticated speech
- reading to children
- encouragement

Front 40

What is overregularizations?

Back 40

- It is because english is a highly irregular language, some english speaking children will apply rules that don't belong
- e.g. "mans" instead of men

Front 41

What are the features of an autoritarian parent?

Back 41

- combines high control with little warmth
- ends up being little give and take between parents and children

Front 42

What are features of authoritative parents?

Back 42

- combines a fair degree of control with being warm and responsive
- explain rules and encourage discussion

Front 43

What are features of indulgent-permissive parents?

Back 43

- warmth and caring but little parental control
- accept behaviour and punish infrequently

Front 44

What are features of indifferent-uninvolved parents?

Back 44

- provide neither warmth nor control
- provide for basic physical and emotional needs but little else

Front 45

What is the negative reinforcement trap?

Back 45

- When a parent gives in to bad behaviour and accidentally reinforces that behaviour

Front 46

What are the negative side-effects of punishment?

Back 46

- Risk of injury
- inducement of fear and hostility
- may foster aggression as a means to resolve disputes
- child only learns which response not to make
- punishment does not teach the child desirable responses
- may be reinforcing behavior

Front 47

What constitutes effective punishment?

Back 47

- It has to be immediate, consistent and informative
- It must be administered by a person with who the child has a warm and affectionate relationship

Front 48

What are the major types of child abuse?

Back 48

- Physical
- Sexual
- Psychological
- Neglect

Front 49

What stage are the preschool years represented by in Erikson's theory?

Back 49

- initiative versus guilt

Front 50

What is the stage of initiative versus guilt?

Back 50

- initiative is moderated by guilt as children realize that their initiative may place them in conflict with others.

Front 51

What is theory of Mind?

Back 51

- ideas about connections between thoughts, beliefs, intentions and behavior, an intuitive understanding between the link between mind and behaviour.