Lifespan Development Midterm 2

Front 1

What is puberty?

Back 1

The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development

Front 2

What are hormones?

Back 2

Organic chemical substances that are produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function

Front 3

Which are sex hormones?

Back 3

Estradiol and testosterone

Front 4

Define and differentiate between spermarche and menarche

Back 4

Menarche is a girl's first menstral period, signaling she has begun ovulation. Spermarche is a boy's first ejaculation

Front 5

What is HPA axis and what does it do?

Back 5

HPA is the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis which is a route that many kinds of hormones follow to trigger changes of puberty and bodily changes.

Front 6

Define and differentiate between primary and secondary sex characteristics

Back 6

Primary Sex Characteristics:

the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis

Secondary Sex Characteristics:
physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts

Front 7

What is adolescent egocentrism?

Back 7

a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others

Front 8

Define and differentiate between invincibility fable and imaginary audience.

Back 8

Invincibility fable:
an adolescent’s egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal

Imaginary audience:

the other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching, and taking note of, his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior

Front 9

In Piaget’s theory, what is formal operational thought?

Back 9

Cognitive development characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas

Front 10

What is hypothetical thought?

Back 10

Reasoning that includes propositions possibilities that may not reflect reality

Front 11

Define and differentiate between deductive and inductive reasoning

Back 11

Deductive Reasoning:

reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics—top-down thinking

Inductive Reasoning
reasoning from one or more specific experience or facts to a general conclusion, may be less cognitively advanced than deduction—bottom-up reasoning

Front 12

Define and differentiate between analytic and intuitive thought

Back 12

Intuitive Thoughts:

thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation—past experiences, cultural assumptions, and sudden impulses are the precursors of intuitive thought—contextualized or experiential thought

Analytic Thought:

thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts… analytic thought depends on logic and rationality

Front 13

What is Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development?

Back 13

Identity versus Role Confusion

Erikson’s terms for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.

Front 14

What is identity?

Back 14

A consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations.

Front 15

What is identity achievement?

Back 15

Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.

Front 16

What is identity diffusion?

Back 16

identity diffusion is the opposite of identity achievement…
it is a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is.

Front 17

What is identity foreclosure?

Back 17

Erickson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning and analysis

Front 18

What is moratorium?

Back 18

A way for adolescents to postpone making identity achievement choices by finding an accepted way to avoid identity achievement.

Front 19

What is a clique?

Back 19

A group of adolescents made up of close friends who are loyal to one another while excluding outsiders

Front 20

What is a crowd?

Back 20

A large group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily related

Front 21

What is peer pressure?

Back 21

social pressure to conform to peer activities

Front 22

What is comorbidity?

Back 22

a situation in which two or more unreleated illnesses or disorders occur at the same time

Front 23

Define suicidal ideation.

Back 23

Thoughts of suicide without the suicidal act itself

Front 24

Define parasuicide

Back 24

Attempted suicides and self-injury

Front 25

Define and differentiate between incidence and prevalence

Back 25

Incidence:

How often a particular behavior or circumstance occurs

Prevalence:

How widespread within a population a particular behavior or circumstance is

Front 26

Define senescence

Back 26

the process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient

Front 27

Define homeostasis.

Back 27

the adjustment of the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium

Front 28

What is organ reserve?

Back 28

the capacity of young adults’ organs to allow the body to cope with stress

Front 29

Define and differentiate between Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.

Back 29

Anorexia Nervosa:

a serious eating disorder in which a person restricts eating to the point of emaciation and possible starvation

Bulimia Nervosa:
an eating disorder in which the person, usually female, engages repeatedly in episodes of binge eating followed by purging through induced vomiting or use of laxatives

Front 30

Define and differentiate between drug abuse and drug addiction.

Back 30

Drug Abuse:
the ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user’s biological or psychological well-being

Drug Addiction:
a condition of drug dependence in which the absence of the given drug in the individual's system produces a drive—physiological, psychological, or both—to ingest more of the drug

Front 31

What is delay discounting?

Back 31

the tendency to under-value, or downright ignore, future consequences and rewards in favor of more immediate gratification

Front 32

What are social norms?

Back 32

the standards of behavior within a given society or culture

Front 33

What is postformal thought?

Back 33

following Piaget’s fourth, a stage that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical

Front 34

Define and differentiate between subjective and objective thought

Back 34

Subjective Thought:

rises from the personal experiences and perceptions of an individual

Objective Thought:

devalues subjective feelings, personal faith, and emotional experience while overvaluing objective, logical thinking

Front 35

What is dialectical thought?

Back 35

a most advanced cognitive process, characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaneously and thus to arrive at a synthesis

Front 36

What is a thesis?

Back 36

a proposition or statement of belief; the first stage of the process of dialectical thinking

Front 37

What is an antithesis?

Back 37

a proposition or statement of belief that opposes the thesis; the second stage of the process of dialectical thinking

Front 38

What is synthesis?

Back 38

a new idea that integrates the thesis and its antithesis, thus representing a new and more comprehensive level of truth; the third stage of the process of dialectical thinking

Front 39

In Gilligan’s view, what is the difference between morality of care and morality of justice?

Back 39

Morality of care:

moral principles that reflect the tendency of females to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute terms because they are socialized to be nurturant, compassionate, and nonjudgmental

Moral principles that reflect the tendency of males to emphasize justice over compassion, judging right and wrong in absolute terms

Front 40

What is Erikson’s sixth stage of psychosocial development?

Back 40

intimacy versus isolation:

the sixth of Erikson’s eight stages of development… adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment… without such commitment they risk profound aloneness and isolation

Front 41

Define and differentiate between homogamy and heterogamy.

Back 41

homogamy:

marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interest, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin

heterogamy:
marriage between individuals who tend to be dissimilar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interest, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin

Front 42

Define social exchange theory.

Back 42

the view that social behavior is a process of exchange aimed at maximizing the benefits one receives and minimizing the costs one pays

Front 43

What is diathesis-stress model?

Back 43

the view that mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, are produced by the interaction of a genetic vulnerability (the diathesis) with stressful environmental factors and life events