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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Psychology |
The study of how people change over the lifespan |
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Zygote |
Single cell formed at conception from union of egg cell and sperm cell |
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Chromosome |
A long, thread-like structure composed of twisted parallel strands of DNA; found in cell nucleus |
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
Double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions; chemical basis of heredity |
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Gene |
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule; basic unit of heredity |
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Genotype |
Genetic makeup of an individual organism |
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Alleles |
Different forms of a particular gene |
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Sex Chromosomes |
Chromosomes, designed as X or Y, that determine biological sex; 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans |
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Phenotype |
Observable traits or characteristics of an organism as determined by interaction of genetics and environmental factors |
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Epigenetics |
Study of the cellular mechanisms that control gene expression and of the ways that gene expression affects health and behavior |
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Teratogens |
Any agent that causes a birth defect |
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Rooting |
Turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek |
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Sucking |
Sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation |
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Babinski |
Fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked |
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Grasping |
The baby will grip your fingers so tightly that he can be lifted upright |
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Cephalocaudal Pattern |
Physical and motor skill development tends to follow a "top to bottom" sequence |
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Proximodisal Trend |
Develop motor control from the center of bodies outwards |
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Easy (classic distinctions) |
Adaptable, positive mood, regular habits |
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Slow to warm up (classic distinctions) |
Low activity, somewhat slow to adapt, generally withdraw from new situations |
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Difficult (classic distinctions) |
Intense emotions, irritable, cry frequentlly |
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Average (classic distinctions) |
Unable to classify (1/3 of all children) |
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High-reactive infants |
react intensely to new experiences, strangers, and novel objects |
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Low-reactive infants |
Tend to be calmer, uninhibited, and bolder |
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Attachment |
The emotional bond that forms between the infant and caregivers, especially parents, during the first year |
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Securely attached infants |
explore the room when mother is present, become upset and explores less when mother is not present, and show pleasure when mother returns |
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Insecurely attached infants |
less likely to explore the environment, even when their mother is present |
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Avoidant attachment |
a form of insecure attachment in which the child avoids his mother and acts coldly to her |
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Anxious resistant attachment |
A form of insecure attachment in which the child remains close to mother and remains distressed despite her attempts to comfort |
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Sensorimotor |
the first stage of cognitive development, from birth to about age 2; the period during which the infant explores the environment and acquires knowledge through sensing and manipulating objects |
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Object permanence |
The understanding that an object continues to exist even when it can no longer be seen. |
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Preoperational stage |
The second stage of cognitive development (age 2-7); characterized by increasing use of symbols and prelogical thought processes |
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Symbolic thought |
the ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world |
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Egocentrism |
The inability to take another person's perspective or point of view |
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Irreversibility |
the inability to mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations |
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centration |
the tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a stimulation and ignore other important aspects of the situation |
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Conservation |
The understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even though the form or appearance is rearranged, as long as nothing is added or subtracted |
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Concrete operational stage |
The third stage of cognitive development (7-12); characterized by the ability to think logically about concrete objects and situations |
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Formal operational stage |
The fourth stage of cognitive development (adolescence through adulthood); characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations |
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Adolescence |
Transitional stage between late childhood and early adulthood, during which sexual maturity is reached |
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Puberty |
Stage at which an individual reaches sexual maturity and is physically capable of sexual reproduction |
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Primary sex characteristics |
sex organs directly involved in reproduction |
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Secondary sex characteristics |
develop during puberty, not directly involved in reproduction, but distinguished male from female |
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Adolescent growth spurt |
period of accelerated growth during puberty |
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menarche |
female's first menstrual period |
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identity |
a person's sense of self, including his or her memories, experiences, and the value and beliefs that guide his or her behavior |
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Moral reasoning |
how an individual thinks about moral decisions |
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Adult development |
development during adulthood is marked by physical changed and the adoption of new social roles. |
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Kubler-Ross' stages of dying |
Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance |
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Authoritarian Parenting Style |
Demanding but unresponsive to their children's needs or wishes |
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Permissive-indulgent parents |
responsive, warm, and accepting of their children, but impose few rules and rarely punish their children |
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Permissive-indifferent parents |
both unresponsive and uncontrolling |
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Authoritative parenting style |
Warm, responsive, and involved with their children; set clear standards for mature, age-appropriate behavior; and expect their children to be responsive to parental demands |
