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80 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Physical Development

focuses on the body

Cognitive Development

focuses on how individual's think and that changes over one's life

Personality Development

focuses on the traits and characteristics that make each individual different and unique

Social Development

focuses on individual's interactions with others (or lack thereof) over a lifetime

What is the most important debate in developmental psychology?

The Nature vs. Nurture Debate

Genotype

the combo of genetic material in an organism but not outwardly seen

Genes/DNA

arranged in specific locations and specific orders along 46 chromosomes organized in 23 pairs. This is the genetic blueprint guiding cell activity for the rest of that individual's life




No two people are alike barring the similarities of identical twins

Monozygotic twins

identical genetically. A fertilized egg splits in half forming two separate but identical entities

Dizygotic twins

two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm forming two separate individuals

Dominant Trait

one trait this is expressed when two competing traits are present




Ex: eye color

Recessive Trait

a trait that is present in the organism but not expressed or seen




Ex: hemophilia

Phenotype

observable traits seen in an organism

Down Syndrome

extra chromosome & mental retardation

Fragile X Syndrome

gene injured on x chromosome & mental retardation

Sickle-cell Anemia

blood disorder in 1/10th of African descent people

Tay-Sachs Disease

produces blindness and muscle degeneration. Die before school age. Jewish descent.

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Extra X chromosome. Problems with sexual characters. Treated with hormones

Germinal Stage

the shortest stage of development. Lasts two weeks




Specialized cells form a protective layer around the zygote (later called the embryo)


Methodical and rapid cell division


Implantation to the wall of uterus

Embryonic Period

2-8 weeks following fertilization




Only an inch long


Head is about 50% of total length


Significant growth in major organs and body systems happens during this stage

Fetal Stage

8 wks to birth




- Rapid change in length (20x) Proportions change dramatically


- Weight substantially increases. At birth, the average fetus is just over 7lbs


- Organs begin to work. By 3 months it can swallow and urinate


- By four months mother can feel baby move


- Brain becomes more sophisticated


- At end of fetal period, there are neural connections happening due to the brain hemispheres developing and growing


- Brain waves can be detected to show sleep and wakefulness


- Reading and listening to music affect the fetus

Problems in Pregnancy : Infertility

- 15% of couples are considered to have fertility problems if they haven't conceived after 12-18 months


- In vitro fertilization : a procedure placing several fertilized eggs in a woman's uterus. Approximately 48% success rate in NE, varies/state

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

- physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking


- Symptoms include facial disproportions

APGAR

A: activity or muscle tone. How active muscle movement is right after birth is measured


P: Pulse. Ideally, babies have a heart rate of higher than 100 beats/min


G: Grimace or reflex irritability. Active babies sneeze and cough during suctioning of the mucus in their noses and mouths


A: Appearance. Doctors look for normal skin color. Blue-gray or pale skin color is not a good sign


R: Respiration. Babies should be crying and breathing regularly

Neonate

newborn child

Infant Reflexes

reflexes are unlearned, organized and involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

Rooting reflex

turning the head in the direction of a source of stimulation




Ex: a light touch

Sucking & Swallowing Reflex

reflexes to help ingest food right away

Learning in a Newborn

- Habituation is the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus


- In other words, when babies are exposed to something, after a while they get bored with it

Physical Development

- Infants grow at a rapid pace during the first 2yrs


- Birth weight has doubled at 5 months


- By 1 yr, birth weight has tripled


- By the end of the first year, an infant grows almost a foot and is about 30 inches tall


- by age 2, they average 3ft

Four Principles Governing Growth

1. Cephalocaudal Principle: growth pattern starting with the head and upper body parts proceeding to the rest of the body


2. Proximodistal Principle: development from the center of the body outward. Trunk of body grows before the extremities (arms, legs)


3. Principle of Hierarchical Integration: simple skills develop separately and independently. These simple skills are integrated into more complicated ones later


4. Principle of the Independence of Systems: different body systems grow at different independent rates (Ex. sexual characteristics begin later at puberty)

Babies and Neural Connections

- at birth, most neurons in an infants' brain have relatively few connections with other neurons


- By the age of two, an infant's brain will establish billions of new connections between neurons


- Exposing infants to as much as possible help neural networks grow increasingly more complex


- early years are critical (first 3 yrs) for optimal brain development


- neural development & environment


- babies are actually born with many more neurons that they need


- any unused neurons die out making the nervous system more efficient

Plasticity

the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience

Babies & Sleep Cycles

- average sleep for newborn is 16-17 hours/day


- sleep is in fits and starts rather than one long stretch; about 2 hours at a time


- by about 16 wks they sleep approximately 6 hrs at a stretch. Total amount/day at this time is 15 hrs


- REM (Rapid Eye Movement) : knowns as active sleep in babies. Not identical to REM in adults; also known as dreaming sleep

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

a disorder where seemingly healthy infants die in their sleep




- strikes 1/1,000


- scientists still don't understand why infants simply stop breathing


- the recommendation today is that infants are placed on their backs and a pacifier given


- SIDS has decreased dramatically with these guidelines

Gross Motor Skills

- Lifting head


- Rolling over


- Grasping


- Crawling


- Walking

Fine Motor Skills

- By 3 months infants try to reach for an object


- by 11 months, infants can pick up small objects off the ground such as blocks or marbles


- by age 2, they can hold a cup, bring to the lips and drink

Motor Development

Motor skills are just due to maturations (the brain initiating the time to learn), but is also dependent on motivation to learn. An infant must possess the desire to touch something in order to develop skills they need to crawl to it

Norms

timing is done on the average performance of a large sample of children. Every child learns at a slightly different rate

Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale (NBAS)

this scale is used to measure infants' neurological and behavioral responses to their environment




- use caution when interpreting these instruments they are not all culturally diverse, most are taken from large Caucasian samples


- development varies across cultural, racial and social groups

Development of the Senses

the processes underlying an infant's understanding of the world

Sensation

physical stimulation of the sense organs

Perception

mental processes of sorting out, interpreting, analyzing and integrating stimuli from the sense organs and brain

Multimodal Perception

the approach that considers how info that is collected by various sensory systems is integrated

Visual Perception

- newborns vision is better up close


- by 6 months vision is typically 20/20


- at 14 wks binocular vision: ability to combine the images coming to each eye to see depth and motion


- infants show preferences of certain colors, shapes curved over straight lines, 3D figures, and human faces to nonhuman faces

Auditory Perception

- infants hear from the womb. They know their mother's voice


- infants are more sensitive to certain very high and low frequencies than adults and increases during the first 2 yrs of life


- less sensitive to middle frequency sounds in infancy, but improves

Smell & Taste

- infants can detect smells and react like human


- by 12-18 days old, many babies can detect their mother by their smell


- most infants love sweet things and those that do tend to ingest sufficient nutrients


- some taste preferences are based on what their mothers drank while they were in the womb

Sensitivity to Pain

- there was a myth that babies don't experience pain. This is absolutely not true!


- pain produces distress in infants. Heartbeat increases, they start sweating, showing facial signals of distress, and intensity and tone of crying increase


- Research on rats suggest that infants exposed to a lot of pain in infancy may rewire the nervous system giving way to lower pain tolerance in adulthoodCon

Continuous Change

change is gradual as in your height as you growDiscont

Discontinuous Change

change occurs in distinct steps or stages as in cognitive growth. There are qualitative changes in thinking as we grow which changes our behaviorC

Critical Periods

certain environment stimuli are necessary for normal development


Language is one. The absence of certain stimuli result in irreversible effects on development

Sensitive Periods

like a critical period, but doesn't necessarily produce irreversible consequences

Cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering

Children think differently than adults

Jean Piaget

- Proposed a theory consisting of four stages of cognitive development


- cognitive development involves a succession of stages through which children progress from birth to adolescence


- as humans move from one stage to another they begin to understand how the world changes

Schemas

-concepts or mental frameworks that people use to organize and interpret info


- sometimes called schemes


- a person's "picture of the world"

Assimilation

- interpreting a new experience within the context of one's existing schemas


- the new experience is similar to other previous experiences

Accommodation

- interpreting a new experience by adapting or changing one's existing schemas


- the new experience is so novel the person's schemata must be changed to accommodate it



Sensorimotor Stage

- Piaget's first stage of cognitive development


- from birth to about age two


- child gathers information about the world through senses and motor functions




Big Event: child learns object permanence

Preoperational Stage

- Piaget's second stage of cognitive development


- Ages 2 to 6/7


- Children can understand language but not logic




Big Event: child's inability to take another person's point of view

Concrete Operational Stage

- Piaget's third stage of cognitive development


- From ages 7-11


- child learns to think logically and understands conservation




Big Event is Conservation

Conservation

an understanding that certain properties remain constant despite changes in their form- the properties can include mass, volume, and numbers

Formal Operational Stage

- Piaget's fourth and last stage of cognitive development


- child can think logically and in the abstract


- about age 12 on up




Big Event is Abstract Thinking

Abstract Thinking

can solve hypothetical problems (What ifs)

Assessing Piaget's Theory

- he underestimated the child's ability at various ages


- doesn't take into account culture and social differences


- argued that the formal operational stage might not be the end-all and be-all of cognitive thinking


- some studies have shown that even college students can't solve some formal operational problems while younger children can


- Piaget even admitted that some people never reach formal operations


- others have argued that there should be a stage beyond formal operations

Memory during Infancy

- infants do have memory capabilities; however the duration and accuracy are still questioned in research


- it is thought that memories in infants are susceptible to interference from other, newer information, displacing or blocking out older info preventing remembering

Infantile Amnesia

lack of memory for experiences occurring prior to 3 years of age

Memory & Intelligence in Infants

The process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved




Encoding: (initial recording of information)


Storage: (information saved for future use)


Retrieval: (recovery of stored information)

Language Learning

before speaking happens, infants use pre-linguistic (pre-talking) communication, including the use of facial expressions, gestures and babbling




Pattern: one to two words, to short sentences

Phonology

basic sounds of language, called phonemes, that can be combined to produce words and sentences




Ex: "a" in "mat" and the "a" in "mate"

Morphemes

The smallest unit of language that has meaning. Some are complete words, while others add info necessary for interpreting a word, such as the endings "-s" for plural and "-ed" for past tense

Semantics

the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences




Ex: understanding the distinction between "Ellie was hit by a ball" and "A ball hit Ellie."

Nativist Approach Theory

Noam Chomsky theorized that humans have an innate capacity to learn language

Learning Theory

other researchers believe that language is a consequence of both environmental interactions/learning and innate factorsInteractionis

Interactionist Approach

language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances

Infant-Directed Speech

this is done across all cultures. Mothers talk with a falsetto or higher intonation. Tries to interpret what the infant is communicating and responds to it with words

Holophrases

one-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase who meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used




Ex: "Ma" could mean, "I want to be picked up by mom."

First Words

- increase at rapid rate


- 10-14 months = first word


- 15 months = 10 words


- 18 months = one-word stage ends


- 16 to 24 months = language explosion equally 50 to 400 words


- The Top 50 : The First Words Children Understand



Telegraphic Speech

speech in which words not critical to the message are left out




Ex: "My shoes on." for "I put my shoes on."

Boys

more firm, clear, and direct responses (dog, bird, blanket)

Girls

- more diminutives (doggy, birdie, blankie)


- more warm phrases