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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development propose?
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The id's libido (sexual energy) centers on a different part of the body during each stage of development and that personality results from the ways in which conflicts at each stage are resolved.
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According to Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development, failure to resolve a conflict at any stage often stems from what issue and may result in what outcome?
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Often stems from excessive or insufficient gratification of the id's needs and can result in fixation at that stage.
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What is the name of the first stage of Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development, and how is it characterized?
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Oral Stage: the mouth is the focus of sensation and stimulation, and waning is the primary source of conflict. Fixation results in dependence, passivity, gullibility, sarcasm, and orally-focused habits.
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During what age range does the Oral Stage take place?
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birth-1 year
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What is the name of the second stage of Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development, and how is it characterized?
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Anal Stage: The main issue is control of bodily wastes, and conflicts stem from issues related to toilet training. Fixation produces anal retentiveness or anal expulsiveness.
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During what age range does the Anal Stage take place?
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1-3 years
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What is the name of the third stage of Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development, and how is it characterized?
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Phallic Stage: sexual energy is centered in the genitals, and the primary task is the resolution of the Oedipal conflict, which is marked by a desire for the opposite-sex parent and a view of the same-sex parent as a rival. A successful outcome results from identification with the same-sex parent and development of the superego. Fixation can produce a phallic character, which involves sexual exploitation of others.
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During what age range does the Phallic Stage take place?
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3-6 years
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What is the name of the fourth stage of Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development, and how is it characterized?
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Latency Stage: libidinal energy is diffuse rather than focused on any one area of the body, and the emphasis is on developing social skills rather than achieving sexual gratification.
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During what age range does the Latency Stage take place?
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6-12 years
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What is the name of the fifth stage of Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development, and how is it characterized?
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Genital Stage: libido is again in the genitals, and a successful outcome in this stage occurs when sexual desire is blended with affection to produce mature sexual relationships.
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During what age range does the Genital Stage take place?
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12+ years
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How does Erikson's Theory of Pyschosocial Development differ from Freud's (3 points)?
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-Erikson stresses the role of social (v. sexual) factors, and his stages of development each involve a different psychosocial crisis.
-Erikson places greater emphasis on the ego than on the id, and he assumes that people are basically rational and that behavior is due largely to ego functioning. -He views personality development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan. |
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During what age range does the Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust stage occur?
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infancy
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How is the Basic Trust Vs. Basic Mistrust stage of psychosocial development characterized according to Erikson?
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A positive relationship with one's primary caregiver during infancy results in a sense of trust and optimization.
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During what age range does the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage occur?
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toddlerhood
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How is the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage of psychosocial development characterized according to Erikson?
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A sense of self (autonomy) develops out of positive interactions with one's parents or other caregivers.
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During what age range does the Initiative vs. Guilt stage occur?
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early childhood
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How is the Initiative vs. Guilt stage of psychosocial development characterized according to Erikson?
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Favorable relationships with family members result in an ability to set goals and devise and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others.
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During what age range does the Industry vs. Inferiority stage occur?
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school age
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How is the Industry vs. Inferiority stage of psychosocial development characterized according to Erikson?
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The most important influences at this stage are people in the neighborhood and the school. To avoid feelings of inferiority, the school-age child must master certain social and academic skills.
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During what age range does the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage occur?
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adolescence
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How is the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage of psychosocial development characterized according to Erikson?
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Peers are the dominant social influence in adolescence. A positive outcome is reflected in a sense of personal identity and a direction for the future.
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During what age range does the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage occur?
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young adulthood
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How is the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of psychosocial development characterized according to Erikson?
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The main task during early adulthood is the establishment of intimate bonds of love and friendship. If such bonds are not achieved, self-absorption and isolation result.
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During what age range does the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage occur?
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middle adulthood
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How is the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage of psychosocial development characterized according to Erikson?
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The people with whom one lives and works are most important during this stage. A generative person exhibits commitment to the well-being of future generations.
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During what age range does the Ego Integrity vs. Despair stage occur?
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maturation/old age
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How is the Ego Integrity vs. Despair stage of psychosocial development characterized according to Erikson?
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In this final stage, social influence broadens to include all of "humankind." the development of wisdom (an informed, detached concern with life in the face of death) and a sense of integrity require coming to terms with one's limitations and mortality.
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How does Baumrind et al. (1991) characterize Authoritarian Parents?
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Exhibit a high degree of demandingness and low responsivity. Impose absolute standards of conduct, stress obedience, and use physical punishment, threats, deprivation, and other power assertive techniques to gain compliance. Their offspring are often irritable, aggressive, mistrusting, and dependent and have a limited sense of responsibility and low levels of self-esteem and academic achievement.
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How does Baumrind et al. (1991) characterize Authoritative Parents?
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Combine rational control with responsitivity. Set clear rules and high standards, rely on reasoning, praise, and explanations, and other inductive techniques to gain compliance, and they encourage independence. Their offspring tend to be assertive, socially responsible, and achievement-oriented, have high self-esteem, are self-confident, and usually obtain high grades in school.
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How does Baumrind et al. (1991) characterize Permissive (Indulgent) Parents?
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Warm and caring but make few demands and are nonpunitive. They allow their children to make their own decisions about what chores to complete, when to go to bed, etc. Their children tend to be immature, impulsive, self-centered, easily frustrated, and low in achievement and independence.
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How does Baumrind et al. (1991) characterize Rejecting-Neglecting Parents?
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Exhibit low levels of responsivity and demandingness, and they may be overtly hostile toward their children. Their children have low self-esteem and poor self-control and are often impulsive, moody, and aggressive. The characteristics of rejecting-neglecting parents resemble those predictive of juvenile delinquency.
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How are first-borns characterized according to Mussen, Conger, & Kagan, 1980?
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They tend to have more rapid language acquisition than later-borns, achieve higher grades in school and higher scores on IQ tests, and are usually more achievement-oriented and socially responsible.
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How are later-borns characterized according to Mussen, Conger, & Kagan, 1980?
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Often less cautious, have better peer relationships, and are more confident in social situations.
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How is Maternal Depression characterized?
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Increases children's risk for emotional and behavioral problems, although the exact nature and severity of the problems depend on several factors including the child's genetic predisposition, the presence of other risk factors, and the nature of the mother's symptoms.
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How is Self-Awareness characterized, and when does it become apparent?
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The understanding that one is separate from others and becomes apparent during the second year of life.
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How many stages does Self-Awareness have, and what are they (according to Stipek and colleagues, 1990)?
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3 stages: physical self-recognition, self-description, emotional responses to wrongdoing
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When is Physical Self-Recognition evident, and how is it characterized, according to Stipek and colleagues (1990)?
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Evident by about 18 months of age when infants begin to recognize themselves in pictures and mirrors.
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When is Self-Description evident, and how is it characterized, according to Stipek and colleagues (1990)?
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Between 19-30 months of age; occurs when children use both neutral terms (e.g., "brown hair"; "amber eyes ;) " and evaluative terms (e.g. "good girl"; "awesometastic wife").
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How is Emotional Responses to Wrongdoing characterized?
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When children have adverse reactions to a caregiver's disapproval, signaling the beginning of the development of conscience (according to Stipek et al.).
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How does Freud's Psychodynamic Theory characterize gender-role identity development?
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Development of gender-role identity depends on successful resolution of the psychosexual crisis of the phallic stage of development, which results in identification with the same-sex parent.
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How does Kohlberg's (1966) Cognitive Development Theory characterize gender-role identity development?
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Involves a sequence of stages that parallels cognitive development: by age 2 or 3, children recognize that they are either male or female (gender identity). Soon thereafter, children realize that gender identity is stable over time (gender stability). By age 6 or 7, children understand that gender is constant over situations and know that people cannot change gender by superficially altering their external appearance or behavior (gender constancy).
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How does Social Learning Theory characterize gender-role identity development?
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Predicts that children first acquire gender-typed behaviors as the result of a combination of rewards and punishments and modeling and imitation, finally developing a gender-role identity.
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How does Gender Schema Theory characterize gender-role identity development (name the gender theorist)?
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Bem's (1981) gender schema theory attributes the acquisition of gender-role identity to a combination of social learning and cognitive development. Children develop "schemas" of masculinity and femininity as a result of their sociocultural experiences.
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How is Identity Diffusion characterized?
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Adolescents exhibiting diffusion have not yet experienced an identity crisis or explored alternatives and are not committed to an identity.
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How is Identity Foreclosure characterized?
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Adolescents are manifesting foreclosure when they haven't experienced a crisis but have adopted an identity that has been imposed by the same-sex parent or other person.
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How is Identity Moratorium characterized?
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Occurs when an adolescent experiences an identity crisis and actively explores alternative identities. Teens exhibit high degree of confusion, discontent, and rebelliousness.
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How is Identity Achievement characterized?
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Adolescents who have resolved the identity crisis by evaluating alternatives and committing to an identity.
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What are the 5 stages of grief?
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1). Denial and isolation
2). Anger 3). Bargaining 4). Depression 5). Acceptance |
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Do the 5 stages of grief always occur in the order described by Kubler-Ross?
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No, stages can occur in a different order, and stages my be repeated.
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By what age does Social Referencing occur?
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by about 6 months of age
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When does Separation Anxiety begin, and when does it peak in intensity?
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Begins at about 6-8 months of age and peaks at 14-18 months.
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When does Stranger Anxiety begin, and when does it diminish?
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Begins at about 8-10 months and continues to about age 2 and then diminishes.
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How is Secure Attachment characterized?
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In a strange situation, a securely attached baby explores the room and plays with toys while their mother is present; baby becomes mildly upset when mother leaves and actively seeks contact with her when she returns. Mothers of securely attached children are emotionally sensitive and responsive to their babies' cues.
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How is Insecure (Anxious)/Ambivalent Attachment characterized?
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Baby alternates between clinging and resisting their mother; becomes very disturbed when left alone with a stranger; ambivalent when mother returns and may become angry and resist her attempts at physical contact. Mothers of these children are often moody and inconsistent in their caregiving.
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How is Insecure (Anxious)/Avoidant Attachment characterized?
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Baby interacts very little with their mother, shows little distress when she leaves, and avoids or ignores her when she returns. Mothers of these children are very impatient and unresponsive or, at the other extreme, provide their children with too much stimulation.
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How is Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment characterized?
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Children exhibit fear of their caregivers, dazed or confused facial expression, and variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors. About 80% of infants who have been mistreated by caregivers exhibit this pattern.
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How is Preconventional Morality characterized?
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Punishment and obedience orientation: goodness or badness of an act depends on its consequences. For children in this stage, the right course of action is the one that allows them to avoid punishment.
Instrumental hedonism: consequences still guide moral judgments, but judgments are based more on obtaining rewards and satisfying personal needs than on avoiding punishment. |
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How is Conventional Morality characterized?
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"Good boy/good girl orientation: the right action is the one that is liked or approved of by others.
Law and order orientation: in this stage, moral judgments are based on the rules and laws established by legitimate authorities. |
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How is Postconventional Morality characterized?
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Morality of contract, individual rights, and democratically accepted laws: the morally right action is the one that is consistent with democratically determined laws (which can be changed if they interfere with basic rights).
Morality of individual principles of conscience: right and wrong are determined on the basis of broad, self-chosen universally applicable ethical principles. |
