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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Critical vs Sensitive Period
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critical = specific, predetermined period of time during bio maturtion; sensitive to environment
sensitive = longer and moreflexible; not as closely tied to chrono age or maturational stage |
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Polygenic traits
single genes |
height, weight, IQ
brown eyes, dark hair, farsightedness |
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Phenotype
Genotype |
observed characteristics; heredity and environment
genetic inheritance |
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Stages of Prenatal Development
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Germinal Stage = 1st 2 weeks; zygote
Embryonic stage = 3-8th week Fetal stage = 9th week until birth |
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Genetic Birth Defects
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result of pair of recessive genes or chromosomal abnormality
Recessive gene d/o = Tay Sachs, PKU Chromosomal Abnormalities = sex linked or autosomal; Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) most common |
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Teratogens
worst in which stage? examples: |
subs that cross placental barrier and cause defects in embryo or fetus
worst in embryonic stage Alcohol, Narcotics, Cocaine, Nicotine, Lead |
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Effects of alcohol on fetus
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FAS; facial abnormalities, retarded growth, hyperactive;
irreversible |
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Effects of Nicotine on fetus
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born adicted and show tremors, rapid breathing, sz; high risk for low birth weight; SIDS
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Effects of Cocaine on fetus
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increase risk of stilborn or spontaneous abortion; risk for SIDS; sz; low weight; tremors; exaqggerated startle; high pitched cry; feeding probs;
cog Bx probs into early school years |
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Nicotine effects on fetus
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placental abnormalities; fetal death and stillborn; high risk for low weight; SIDS
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Lead Effects on fetus
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low birthweight; MR
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Effects of Rubella on fetus
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high risk for heart defects, blindness, deafness, MR
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HIV/AIDS effects on fetus
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reduced transmission with AZT; 35-60% transmitted; small babies; signs of virus in 1st year; immune probs; 1/3 live past 8
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Malnutrition effects on fetus
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miscarriage, stillbirth, low weight, MR;
in 3rd trimester = bad on dev of brain |
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Premature vs Small for Gestational Age
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born before 37 weeks = premature
weight below 10th percentile = SGA -worse than premature (risk for asphyxia during birth, resp disease, hypoglycemia) |
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Predictors of child psychopathology
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marital discord
low SES overcrowding/large family parental criminality maternal psychopathology placement of child outside of home |
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Newborn Vision
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at birth- can see at 20ft what we see at 200ft; prefer human faces
1 month - prefer moms face 2 motnhs - ltd color; 4-6 months - some depth perception 6 months - close to adults |
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Newborn Audition
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hear sounds in uterus during last months of dev;
localization soon after birth 3 months - knows differnt voices; prefers moms voice |
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Newborn Taste and Smell
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responsive to different tastes and odors
facial diff with sweet and nonsweet prefer sweet 8-10 days - prefer smell of moms milk |
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Reflexes in Newborn
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unlearned;
Babinski - toes fan out and upward when tickled Rooting - turn head towards touch of cheek Moro (startle) - flings legs and arms out then to body when loud noise Stepping - makes coordinated walking mvmts when held upright |
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Brain Development
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dev rapidly prenataly
at birth - 25% of adult weight grows fast following birth age 2 - 80% of adult weight; form glial cells (myelinization of nerve fibers) age 16 - full weight |
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Cerebral Cortex
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responsible for higher level cognitive functions;
lang is completely undev at birth frontal cortex matures through adulthood |
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Brain Lateralization
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hand preference - 4 YOA
age 30 - brain starts to sjrink due to loss of neurons shrinks fast after 60 age 90 - 20% smaller than was at 30 |
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Milestones
1-3 months 4-6 months |
1-3 = raise chin from ground;
turn head by 3rd month - play with hands and fingers; bring things to mouth 4-6 = rolls from front to back; at 5 - sits on lap; reach for grasps at 6 - sit alone and stands with help 5-9 - teeth |
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Milestones
7-9 months 10-12 months |
7-9 = good coordination;
8-9 - sits alone and crawls pull self to stand with furniture 10-12 = stands alone; walk with help 12 - first steps |
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Milestones
13-15 months 16-24 months 25-36 months |
13-15 = walks alone
15 - creeps up stairs; uses cups; scribbles 16-24 = 18 - runs clumsily, up stairs, spoons 24 - stairs alone; kicks ball; turns book 25-36 = 30 - jumps; coordination 36 - rides tricycle, dresses, toilet trained |
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Physical Changes in Old Age
Vision Hearing Taste/Smell Strength, coordination, Rreaction time |
after 65, vision changes with reading, driving, loss of near vision
prior to 75, no changes in hearing; 75-79 50% have deficits; decreased ability to hear high freq sounds loss of taste/smell in both (more M) Strength declines; Bx slowing |
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Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
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knowledge from bio and environment
Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Concrete Ooperational Formal Operational |
SPCF:
sense a motor, get preoperational, pour the concrete, with lots of formal-ity. |