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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Locomotion
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The act of moving or the capability to move from place to place
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Double Support
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Both legs touch ground at the same time
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50% Phasing
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One leg supports, one leg moves
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Constraints after age 60
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Structural: osteoarthritis in joint or a decrease in muscle mass
Functional: balance and fear |
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Biggest difference between walking and running
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Running has a period of flight
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Rate limiters of running
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Strength and balance
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Jumping
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Taking off with one or two feet, but landing on two feet
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Hopping
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Taking off of one foot, landing on that foot
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Leaping
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Taking off of one foot, landing on opposite foot and covering distance
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How much does jumping increase horizontally for children during elementary years?
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3-5"
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How much does jumping increase vertically for children during elementary years?
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2" a year
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Rate controllers of jumping
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Person must be able to propel his body into the air from a still position
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Rate limiters for galloping and sliding
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Coordination, neuromuscular system must be able to coordinate two limbs as they alternate the asymmetric task.
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Ballistic skills (MUST KNOW!)
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The skills in which a person applies force to an object in order to project
i.e. Throwing, kicking, striking |
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Product of overarm throwing
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Where the object goes, how far, how fast, etc.
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Process of overarm throwing
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HOW the object is thrown
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Developmental sequences of throwing
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Component sequences: Arm action and trunk action
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Unskilled throwers
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Homolateral leg action (Same leg, same arm)
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Skilled throwers
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Contralateral leg action (Arm, opposite leg)
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How to become proficient? (MUST KNOW!!!)
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Encouragement, opportunity to practice, proper instruction
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Adulthood throwing
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Somewhat depends on the level of proficiency as a child
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Causes for decline in adulthood
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Injury (Especially to rotator cuff) (muscular or skeletal), arthritic
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Difference between kicking and throwing
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Ball is not attached
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Young kickers
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-Use only leg action
-Use single action rather than a sequence of actions |
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Punting
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A form of kicking where an object is dropped from the individual's hands prior to impact with the foot
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Early punters
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Throw the ball up or drop it too close to foot
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Sidearm striking
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Form of striking where the arm remains at or below shoulder level
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Early sidearm striking
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A lot of "chopping"
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Developmental changes in sidearm striking
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Arm motion, leg position
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Over-arm striking
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Arm travels above the shoulder level (could be with or without an implement)
-Ex: Tennis, volleyball |
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Grasping and Reaching
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-Involves the interplay of environment, task, and individual
-Examples: 1. Environment; Gravity 2. Task: Shape of object (whether it requires one or two hands) 3. Individual: Strength |
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Early Grasping
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Power Grips: No thumb for opposition
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Grasping after 9 months
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Precision grips: Holds between thumb and finger(s)
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H.M. Halverson's theory of Grasping
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Maturationalist; 10 phases of grasping (1931)
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Hohlstein's theory of Grasping
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Ecological; The influence of shape and size of the object
(Size plays a bigger role than shape) (1982) |
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Influence of vision on grasping
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Knowing where the object is is important
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Piaget's theory of reaching
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Child must be able to see both the object and the hand in the visual feild to make the match (1952)
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Thelan's theory of reaching
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Infants make transition from pre-reach to reaching around 3-4 months
-Infants LEARN BY DOING! |
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The first bilateral movements are what? And they occur when?
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Extending and raising arms, approx. 2 months
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Complimentary reaching
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Can do a different task with each hand.
Ex. Can open a toy chest with one hand and choose a toy with another hand |
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What is key in bimanual reaching and manipulation?
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POSTURE!
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Manipulate skills change with what?
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AGE
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Catching
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To gain possession of an object by reaching to intercept a moving object or stopping it with an implement
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Anticipation of a catch
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The ball comes:
1. At different speeds 2. From different directions 3. Along different trajectories 4. May vary in size and shape |
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Catching in older adults
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With practice, they respond like a young person.
-Catching is "re" learnable |
