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423 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the domains of development?
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Biosocial, Cognitive, Psychosocial
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Def: how and why people change and how and why they remain the same with age from cradle to grave
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Development and the lifespan approach
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Developmental Domain(study) that includes brain and body changes and social influences that guide them.
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Biosocial
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Domain that includes all the mental processes through which the individual thinks, learns, and communicates. (perception, memory and imagination)
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Cognitive
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Domain that includes emotions, personality characteristics, and relationships w/ other people (social and emotional)
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Psychosocial
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The environmental factors that happen after conception, such as the mothers health during the pregnancy and all the individual's experiences in the outside environment.
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nurture
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The range of abilities, limitations, and traits each person inherits genetically from parents at the time of conception.
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nature
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Contexts of development and individual differences: What factors strongly affect development?
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Society, School, Gender, Socioeconomic status, Cultural values, Ethnicity
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Research method in the study of life span development:
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Scientific Method
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Steps of the Scientific Research Method
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Formulate a research question, Develop a hypothesis, Test the hypothesis, Draw conclusions, Make findings available
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Step of the scientific research method that Involves previous research, a particular developmental theory or personal observation. Pose a question that has relevance for the study of development
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formulate a research question
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Step of the scientific research method that reformulates the question into a hypothesis w/ a specific prediction that can be tested.
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develop a hypothesis
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Step of the scientific research method that conduct research to determine the falsity or truth of the hypothesis
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test the hypothesis
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Step of the scientific research method that formulate answers that are substantiated by the test data.
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draw conclusions
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Step of the scientific research method that describes the test procedures and the resulting data in sufficient detail that other scientist can evaluate the conclusions and replicate the test of the hypothesis
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make findings available
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5 types of research in the study of LifeSpan Development?
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Naturalistic Observation, Controlled experiments, Surveys, Interviews, Case studies
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A research method in which scientists watch and record the behavior of people in their environment.
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observation
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What are the limitations of Naturalistic observation and field experiments?
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Can’t generalize to other people, Can’t predict casual relationship
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research method in which the subjects do not experience the manipulation or treatment and whose responses or reactions are compared with those of subjects who are treated actively to determine the effects of the manipulation
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Controlled Experiment
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What are the variables of a controlled experiment?
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Independent and Dependant
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A factor that is defined by a subject’s responses or reactions, and that may or may not be affected by the experimenter’s manipulation of the independent variable
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Dependent variable
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A factor that is manipulated in an experiment, and the effects of the manipulation measured
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Independent variable
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A research method that collects specific, focused interview info on a large number of people. This is done by written questionnaire or personal interviews.
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surveys
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A research method in which people are asked specific questions to discover their opinions or experiences. They focus on small numbers.
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Interviews
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A research method that focuses on the life history, attitudes, behavior and emotions of a single individual
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Case Study
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3 types of developmental research designs?
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Longitudinal, Cross-sectional, Sequential
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Research design that follows the same people over time in order to measure both change and stability w/ age. Useful in studying developmental trends that occur over a long age span.
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longitudinal research design
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Limitations of longitudinal research design?
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very time-consuming and expensive
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Research design that compares groups of people who are different in age but who are similar in other important ways. (level of education, socioeconomic status, ethnic background)
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cross-sectional research design (a.k.a. cohort-sequential or time-sequential)
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Research design that follows a group of people of different ages over time in order to distinguish differences related to age from differences related to cohort and historical period.
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sequential research design
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Interpretation of results of research: statistical term that indicates a corresponding relation btw/ two variables.
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Correlation
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Interpretation of results of research: The relationship btw/ two variable increase or decrease together whether + or – is called ________ ________.
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Positive correlation
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Interpretation of results of research: The relationship btw/ two variable move in opposite directions whether + or – is called ________ ________.
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Negative correlation
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Interpretation of results of research: A group of people who, because they were born within a few years of each other, experience many of the same historical and social conditions. Similar context of priorities, constraints and options.
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cohort effects
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issues related to generalizability when interpreting research results
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Common sex, culture, socioeconomic status, ecological validity
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Ethical considerations on studying development?
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Ability to give confidentiality, informed consent, privacy, and deception
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Systematic statement that explains behavior and development over the life span?
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Developmental Theory
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The study of natural unfolding of animal behavior?
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Ethology
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What is the central topic of ethology?
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Mother/infant bond
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Who was famous for their Ethological Attachment Theory (Ethological perspective)?
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Bowlby
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The view that many behaviors and emotions of humans have an adaptive function that furthers the survival of the species. These studies often shed light on infant emotional development.
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Ethological perspectives (Bowlby)
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This perspective emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior.
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Psychodynamic Perspective
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Freud’s psychosexual developmental stages?
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Oral stage, Anal stage, Phallic stage, Latency stage, Genital stage
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Which of Freud’s stages states: mouth, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations. Sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activities.
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Oral stage
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Age group of Freud’s Oral stage?
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birth – 18 mo
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Which of Freud’s stages states: anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations?
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Anal Stage
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Age group of Freud’s Anal Stage?
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18 mo. – 3 yrs
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What is the most important activity of Freud’s Anal Stage?
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Toilet training
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Which of Freud’s stages states: pleasure is derived from genital stimulation.
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Phallic Stage
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Age group of Freud’s phallic stage?
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4 – 6 yrs
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Which of Freud’s stages interludes btw/ stages, when sexual needs are quiet and children put energy into conventional activities like school-work and sports.
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Latency Stage
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Age group of Freud’s Latency Stage?
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7 – 11 yrs
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Which of Freud’s stages states: genitals are the focus of pleasure. Sexual stimulation and satisfaction is sought.
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Genital Stage
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Which of Erickson’s psychosexual stages states: Major Task: to develop basic trust in the othering figure and generalize it to others. Important event: feeding and oral needs
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Trust vs. Mistrust
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Ages of Erickson’s ‘Trust vs. Mistrust’ Stage?
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Up to 18 months
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Which of Erickson’s psychosexual stages states: major task is to gain some self-control and independence w/in the environment. Important event: toilet training.
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Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt
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Ages of Erickson’s Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt stage?
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up to 3 yrs
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Which of Erickson’s psychosexual stages states: Major task: develop sense of purpose and ability to initiate and direct one’s own activities. Important event: Independence.
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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Ages of Erickson’s Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
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3 - 6 yrs
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Which of Erickson’s psychosexual stages states: Major task: develop self confidence by learning, competing, performing successfully and receiving peer recognition. Important event: school
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Industry vs. Inferiority
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Ages of Erickson’s Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
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7 – 12 yrs
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Which of Erickson’s psychosexual stages states: Major task: integrate all tasks learned into a secure sense of self. Important event: peer relationships
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Identity vs. Role Diffusion
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Ages of Erickson’s Identity vs. role diffusion stage?
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13 – 20 yrs
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Which of Erickson’s psychosexual stages states: Major task: commitment to person, cause or creative effort. Important event: love relationships
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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Ages of Erickson’s Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?
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21 – 25 yrs
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Which of Erickson’s psychosexual stages states: major task: achieve life goals and consider welfare of future generations. Important event: parenting
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Ages of Erickson’s Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?
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30 – 65 yrs
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Which of Erickson’s psychosexual stages states: review of life and derive meaning from negative and positive. Important event: reflection on and acceptance of one’s life.
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Ego vs. Despair
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Ages of Erickson’s Ego vs. Despair stage?
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66 – death
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Using biographical data from men, Who identified three eras in male adult life: early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. Each era is characterized by transitional periods.
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Levinson
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Whose styles of adult coping are based on longitudinal research where development is a lifelong process influenced by relationships w/ others and coping styles?
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Vaillant
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Name the learning perspectives?
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Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Social learning
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A form of learning in which a formerly neutral stimulus is repeatedly presented with a stimulus that evokes a specific reflexive response. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus elicits a response similar to the reflexive response
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classical conditioning
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Whose research on digestive processes using a bell and dogs. Conditioning them to salivate when they heard a bell because it was linked to past experiences of receiving food.
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PAVLOV’s Learning Perspective through Classical Conditioning
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Who claimed that he could take any 12 healthy infants and, by applying behavioral techniques, create whatever kind of person he desired
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WATSON’s Learning Perspective through Classical Conditioning.
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Who was call “Father of behaviorism”?
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Watson
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Operant conditioning is based on the simple concept of __________.
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Reinforcement
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In operant conditioning ___________ weakens a response by either adding an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasurable one.
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punishment
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In operant conditioning ___________ occurs when small changes in behavior are reinforced to bring the behaviors closer to a desired behavior.
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shaping
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Who pioneered the notion of operant conditioning?
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Skinner
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A form of learning which occurs through imitation of and identification w/ other people.
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social learning
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The process of one person learning from the example of another.
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Modeling
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Whose social cognitive theory views developmental change as a process resulting from the observational learning and interactions between the child and the physical and social environment. (social learning)
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Bandura
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The idea that an individual’s internal characteristics, environment, and behavior are mutually interactive in determining the person’s specific behaviors.
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Reciprocal determinism
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________ ________ examine the development of children’s thinking and problem solving.
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Cognitive theories
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Whose cognitive theory describes cognition and intelligence.
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Piaget
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___________ is the process by which the child interprets experiences on the basis of concepts he or she already knows.
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Assimilation
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___________ occurs when the already existing schemes are modified to better fit new ideas or experiences.
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Accommodation
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___________ is the result of the interplay of assimilation and accommodation and refers to a deepening and modification of a scheme.
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Adaptation
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JEAN PIAGET’s stage of Cognitive development
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Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational Period, Formal Operational
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Which of Piaget’s stages states, “use of their senses and motor skills to understand their world. Object is “known” in terms of what an infant can do to it.”
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Sensorimotor stage
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Ages of Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage?
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Birth - 2 yrs
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Method of learning in Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage?
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Trial and error
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Which of Piaget’s stages states, “children are unable to grasp logical concepts such as conservation, reversibility, or classification.”
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Preoperational stage
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How does children in Piaget’s Preoperational stage understand the world?
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Through the use of symbolic thinking from their own perspective.
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Ages of Piaget’s Preoperational stage?
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2 - 7 yrs
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Which of Piaget’s stages states, ‘the ability to reason logically about real world events and problems but cannot reason about abstract ideas classification and other scientific terms.”
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Concrete Operational stage
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Ages of Piaget’s Concrete Operational stage?
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7 - 11 yrs
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Which of Piaget’s stages states, “characterize by hypothetical, logical and abstract thought. Ethics, politics and social and moral issues become more interesting and involving.”
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Formal Operational stage
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Ages of Piaget’s Formal Operational stage?
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12 and up
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Who stated, “cognitive development results from increases in the available capacity of the child’s mental space.
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Case
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Whose theory discusses specific skill rather than schemes to describe the cognitive structure children use for solving problems?
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Fischer
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What emphasized positive aspects of human behavior and respecting individual differences?
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Humanistic Perspective (Theory)
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Whose theory focuses on intrinsic sources of motivation and a hierarchy of human needs?
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MASLOW
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Whose humanistic perspective states, “Every individual has the ability to change.”
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Rogers
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A perspective on development that takes into account the various physical and social settings in which development occurs.
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BRONFENBRENNER Ecological Perspective
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___________ consists of situations in which the individual experiences face-to-face contact with important individuals.
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Microsystem
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The ___________ is the connections and relationships that exist between two or more microsystems.
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Mesosystem
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Settings in which the person does not participate but that still have an influence are called the _________.
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Exosystem
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The ___________ is the overall society, with its overarching institutions, practices, and patterns of belief. Ex supreme court decisions
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macrosystem
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Development of cognitive competencies as a result of interaction btw/ novices and more skilled members of society.
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VYGOTSKY’s Social-cultural Perspective
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The range between what a person is capable of attaining alone and what she or he can achieve with the assistance of a more capable individual.
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Zone of proximal development
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Basic unit of heredity and direct the growth and development of every living creature. Discrete segments of a chromosome
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Genes
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How many genes in humans?
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100,000
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What are genes made of?
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules
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A single piece of DNA that carries many genes that are transmitted from parents to offspring.
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Chromosomes
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When does the matching of chromosome pairs occur?
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At conception
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How many pairs of chromosomes?
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23
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What determines the sex of a person?
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23rd pair of chromosomes
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The XX chromosomes are?
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Female
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The XY chromosomes are?
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Male
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A cell that is a result of conception btw/ an ovum and sperm.
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zygote
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A person’s entire genetic inheritance, including the recessive genes but not expressed in the phenotype
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Genotype
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An individual’s observable characteristics that result from the interaction of the genes w/ each other and the environment.
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Phenotype
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complex interaction of genes and environment that determines range of expression between genotype and phenotype
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reaction range
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____________ _________will influence a phenotype even when paired w/ a recessive gene.
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Dominant genes
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_________ _______ must be paired with another to be able to influence the phenotype.
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Recessive genes
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Traits that exhibit the phenotype of this type gene, such as blue eye color, result from the pairing of two __________ _______.
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recessive genes.
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A large number of genetic abnormalities are linked to genes on the X chromosome and are called ________ ________.
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Sex-linked traits
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A gene abnormality where males are at a greater risk because there is no location on the shorter Y chromosome for a dominant gene to block the influence of the abnormal hemophilia gene.
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hemophilia
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Genes are chemically marked or imprinted in a way that identical sections of the same chromosome will result in different phenotypic outcomes, depending upon whether the chromosome was inherited from the mother or the father.
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Genetic imprinting
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These phenotypes vary by small degrees, environment can influence them in relatively important ways.
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Polygenic traits
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The study of how genotype and environmental experience jointly influence phenotype.
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Behavior genetics
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Type of disorder in which each parent contribute a recessive gene and characterized by a deficiency in certain amino acid
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Is PKU treatable? How?
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Relatively easy to treat disorder; diet
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What happens w/o treatment of PKU?
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severe mental retardation
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Disorders due to abnormal chromosomes?
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Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome
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Chromosome disorder which a person has only one sex chromosome.
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Turner Syndrome
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T or F; Females w/ Turner Syndrome mature sexually?
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FALSE
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T or F; Persons w/ Tuner Syndrome are mentally impaired but not retarded?
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TRUE
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Chromosomal disorder characterized by an extra 21st chromosome and moderate-to-severe mental retardation.
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Down Syndrome
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Chromosomal disorder characterized by a downward-sloping skin-fold at the inner corners of the eyes.
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Down Syndrome
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Most common cause of Down Syndrome?
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Maternal age
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A disorder that requires only one gene from either parent to affect a child?
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dominant gene disorder
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A dominant gene disorder characterized by abnormal body movements called chorea and a lack of coordination?
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Huntington’s disease
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This disease is marked by neurological deterioration characterized by mental and physical retardation, blindness, cherry red spots on the macula, an exaggerated startle response, spasticity, convulsions, and enlargement of the head.
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Tay-sachs
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Inherited disease transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait?
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Tay-sachs
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T or F; Children w/ Tay-sachs die usually occurs before the age of 4.
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TRUE
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Stages of Prenatal Development
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Germinal Stage, Embryonic Stage, Fetal Stage
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Which stage of Prenatal Development begins w/ conception?
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Germinal Stage
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Where does conception take place?
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fallopian tube.
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How long does the Germinal stage last?
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14 days
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3 layers of the embryonic stage?
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Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
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Which stage of Prenatal Development does the umbilical cord and placenta form?
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Embryonic Stage
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What surrounds and protects the embryo?
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Amniotic sac
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What is the time frame of the Embryonic stage?
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day 15 – week 8
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During this stage of prenatal development, cells begin to differentiate into the various body systems?
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Embryonic Stage
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Time frame of the Fetal stage of Prenatal Development?
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Week 9 to full term
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When is full term of pregnancy?
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week 38 – 40
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What is the embryo called in the fetal stage?
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Fetus
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When does the fetus start to move?
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4th month
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When are the fetus’ organs functional?
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After 7th month
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When does the fetus reach viability?
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24 weeks
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Development of the first bone cells marks what stage of prenatal development?
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Fetal stage
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Time frame of the 1st trimester of pregnancy?
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0 to 12 wks
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Time frame of the 2st trimester of pregnancy?
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13 wks to 27 wks
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Time frame of the 1st trimester of pregnancy?
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28 wks – 40 wks
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External agents, such as viruses, drugs, chemicals and radiation, that can impair prenatal development and lead to abnormalities, disabilities, or even death.
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Teratogens
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What is considered low birth weight?
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5.5 lbs
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Pain management method where breathing, ambulation and use of a focal point to disassociate the pain of labor and birth?
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Bradley Method
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What is another name for the Bradley Method of Pain management in pregnancy?
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Husband coached
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Pain management method where conscientious relaxation, progressive breathing flow with contractions rather than struggle?
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Psychosexual Method
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Pain management method that seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the mother's fear of childbirth through education about the physiology of reproduction and training in methods of breathing and relaxation during delivery
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Dick-Read Method
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Pain management method that uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social support to induce controlled physical responses to uterine contractions, reducing fear and pain
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Lamaze
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3 major functions of the placenta?
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Transport, Endocrine, Metabolic
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Umbilical cord contains how many arteries?
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2
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Umbilical cord contains how many veins?
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1
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The artery(s) of the umbilical cord carries ______________ blood.
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Unoxygenated
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The vein(s) of the umbilical cord carries ______________ blood.
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Oxygenated
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What surrounds and protects all vessels of the umbilical cord?
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Wharton’s jelly
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membranous sac that surrounds and protects the embryo?
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Amnion
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How many stages of labor?
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3
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Which stage of labor begins w/ contractions and ends w/ fully dilated cervix.
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1st stage of labor
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Name the phases of the 1st stage of labor?
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Latent phase , Active phase, Transition phase
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Which phase of the 1st stage of labor - onset to rapid cervical dilation?
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Latent Phase of labor
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Which phase of the 1st stage of labor - cervical dilation 4 cm to 7 cm. stronger contractions lasting 40-60 seconds and occurring 3.5 min
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Active phase of labor
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Which phase of the 1st stage of labor - max dilation of 8-10 cm. contractions reach their intensity peak. Full dilation, complete cervical effacement. Phase ends w/ an irresistible urge to push
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Transition phase of labor
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Which stage of labor begins w/ full dilation to birth of infant? Crowning to pushing the fetus out of the birth canal?
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2nd stage of labor
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Which stage of labor is called the placental stage?
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3rd stage of labor
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The brazelton scale is based on what 4 dimensions: interaction w/ environment?
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Motor processes, Motor responses, General activity level, reflexes
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A scale for evaluating the behavior and responses of the newborn infant.
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brazelton scale
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Involuntary responses to a particular stimulus
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newborn reflex
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Reflex that ensures an adequate supply of O2 and the discharge of CO2 by causing the individual to inhale and exhale
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breathing reflexes
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3 sets of reflexes essential for infant survival
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Breathing, Sucking, and Rooting
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This process helps babies find the nipple by causing them to turn their head and start to suck when it brushes against their cheek.
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Rooting
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A reflex which infants force the tongue outward when the tip is depressed or touched which allows for easier feeding. Disappears at 4 mo.
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extrusion
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Reflex which the fingers flex and grasp a finger placed across their palm
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palmer grasp
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A fencing reflex; Flexing and extension of limbs dependant of turning of the head
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tonic neck
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Startle reflex; Response may be asymmetrical due to injury of the clavicle, humerus, or brachial plexus
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moro reflex
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A reflex which an infant lying prone will turn shoulder and pelvis to the stimulated side when skin near the spine is stroked
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gallant reflex
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A reflex which an infant held up w/ feet touching a firm surface, will place feet in a stepping pattern.
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stepping reflex
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A reflex which stroking the plantar surface of an infant’s foot upward causes great toe dorsiflexion and fanning out of other toes.
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babinski’s reflex
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A reflex which stimulating the foot of a held down leg will elicit flex, adduct and extension of the other foot.
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crossed extension reflex
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A reflex which backward step onto a firm surface when one foot is already resting there.
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placing reflex
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A reflex which when held horizontally on their stomach, arms and legs stretch out in a swimming fashion.
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swimming reflex
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Principle that growth proceeds from the spine outward
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Proximodistal Principle
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Principle that growth proceeds from head to toe
|
Cephalocaudal
|
|
|
At what age does an infant double birth weight?
|
4th mo.
|
|
|
At what age does an infant triple its birth weight?
|
1st year
|
|
|
How does a newborn communicate serious hunger pains?
|
Cry, shiver, and tuck their legs close to their bodies
|
|
|
How big is an infant’s head compared to total body length?
|
¼ of the total length
|
|
|
Voluntary bodily movements
|
Motor skills
|
|
|
Motor skills that involve large muscles and large body movements such as walking and jumping.
|
Gross motor skills
|
|
|
Motor skills that involve small muscles and small body movements such as using the hands and fingers.
|
Fine motor skills
|
|
|
What is the major motor skill of a 6 mo. old infant?
|
Rolling over
|
|
|
What is the least developed sense at birth?
|
Vision
|
|
|
T or F; An infant startle at a loud noise?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
At what age do humans have a fivefold increase in the density of dendrites in the cortex/
|
Birth to 2 yrs.
|
|
|
The phenomenal increase in neural connections over the 1st two yrs.
|
Transient exuberance
|
|
|
What allows children to gain increasing neurological control over their motor functions and sensory abilities and facilitates their intellectual functioning?
|
Myelination
|
|
|
What is the ideal food for infants?
|
Breast Milk
|
|
|
T or F; Infants are able to eat and digest solid food?
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Process in which the infant’s tendency to attend to new stimuli and to ignore familiar stimuli.
|
habituation
|
|
|
Thinking and reasoning processes, including all methods for obtaining knowledge.
|
cognition
|
|
|
The brain’s organization and interpretation of sensations into meaningful patterns.
|
Perception
|
|
|
Piaget claimed that when an infant gains the understanding that people and objects continue to exist even when they are not immediately visible to her, she has achieved ________ ___________.
|
Object Permanence
|
|
|
How many stages of SENSORIMOTOR; INTELLIGENCE
|
6
|
|
|
First two stages of Sensorimotor intelligence involve what?
|
the infant’s own body
|
|
|
The method of using existing information to understand and make sense of new ideas and concepts
|
assimilation
|
|
|
When existing knowledge is modified so that new information fits.
|
accommodation
|
|
|
Stage 3 & 4 of sensorimotor intelligence involve what?
|
Objects and People
|
|
|
Last 2 stages of sensorimotor intelligence involve what?
|
Action and Ideas
|
|
|
Awareness that the size and shape of an object remain the same despite changes in the object’s appearance due to changes in its location
|
perceptual constancy
|
|
|
The ability to use info from one sensory modality to imagine something in another.
|
cross-model perception
|
|
|
The ability to associate info from one sensory modality (vision) w/ info from another (hearing)
|
intermodal perception
|
|
|
T or F; All newborns follow the same pattern of speech development?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
At what age do humans experience their first spoken words that are recognizably part of the native language.
|
12 - 13 mo.
|
|
|
At what age do humans experience their first two-word sentence?
|
21 mo.
|
|
|
Applying words more broadly than their meaning provides; One child may call anything round “ball”, and every four-legged creature “doggie”.
|
over-extension
|
|
|
A single word that is used to express a complete thought.
|
holophrase
|
|
|
Baby talk; the characteristic manner in which adults change the structure and pitch of their speech when conversing w/ infants
|
motherese
|
|
|
At what age does a child’s sense of self begin to emerge?
|
15 – 24 mo.
|
|
|
How do you check a child’s sense of awareness?
|
Mirror Test
|
|
|
At what age does a child’s moral sense of right and wrong develop?
|
15 – 24 mo
|
|
|
T or F; Infants are not capable of expressing fear, anger, sadness, happiness and surprise.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
The fear of unfamiliar people
|
Stranger wariness
|
|
|
The fear of being left by the caregiver
|
Separation anxiety
|
|
|
Relatively consistent inherent dispositions that underlie and reflect a person’s responses to people and things
|
Temperament
|
|
|
A person’s unique and relatively consistent pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
|
Personality
|
|
|
T or F; High quality day care leads to negative outcomes.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
What is the leading cause of deaths among infants?
|
SIDS
|
|
|
Age group of infants and toddlerhood?
|
Birth to 24 mo.
|
|
|
Age group of Early Childhood?
|
25 mo. to 6 yrs.
|
|
|
Early Childhood (Preschool); PHYSICAL GROWTH
|
¹Decreased physical growth during 2-6 y.o. when compared to 0-2 y.o. ²Factors involved – nutrition, illness, acestory, smoking, socioeconomic status, first born, gender, area of living. ³Boys generally are taller and heavier than girls
|
|
|
Early Childhood (Preschool); MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
|
¹Gross motor skill involves running, climbing, jumping and throwing achieved through brain maturation and practice; ²2 y.o. – clumsy and awkward movements; ³5 y.o. – develop skill and grace
|
|
|
Early Childhood (Preschool); BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
|
¹5 y.o.; ²brain weighs 90% of adult weight; ³corpus callosum expands and child begins forming links btw/ spoken & written language.; 4Corpus collosum grows in number of nerve fibers that connects the right and left sides of brain which improves coordination function of brain and body. 5Overall brain growth is not linear but occurs in spurts and plateaus. 62 y.o. – brain weighs 75% of adult weight
|
|
|
The insulating process that speeds up the neural impulse transmission.
|
Myelination
|
|
|
In early childhood, an increase in brain size is due to what?
|
¹Continued proliferation and creation of communication pathways among the brain’s various specialized areas in response to the child’s experiences. ²Ongoing myelination
|
|
|
To view the world and others solely from their own personal perspective?
|
Egocentrism
|
|
|
Understanding how others feel?
|
Empathy
|
|
|
T or F; Egocentrism is present in preschooler thinking?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Early Childhood (Preschool); NUTRITION
|
¹2-6 y.o. – need fewer calories & have smaller appetites; ²Iron deficiency anemia is a concern; 2aCorrected w/ quality meats, whole grains, dark-green veggies. 2bSign = chronic fatigue; ³Concern 3aconsumption of too few fruits & veggies; 3btoo much fat intake
|
|
|
#1 causes of childhood death?
|
Accidents
|
|
|
What was Piaget’s 2nd period or theory of cognitive development?
|
Preoperational Thought
|
|
|
What is characteristic of preschooler’s thinking?
|
Irreversibility
|
|
|
The inability to recognize the same conditions that existed before the transformation.
|
Irreversibility
|
|
|
A preschoolers’ tendency to focus their analysis on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of all others
|
Centration
|
|
|
The range of potential development involving skill that the person can accomplish w/ assistance but is not yet able to perform independently.
|
ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT
|
|
|
Who gave us the ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT?
|
Vygotsky
|
|
|
Zone of Proximal development (Vygotsky); The Use of Scaffolding to provide learning encounters that involve a child’s participation.
|
¹Recruit the child’s interest in the task or activity; ²Simplify the task so the child can have an active role.; ³Maintain the child’s interest in and enthusiasm for the task.; 4Anticipate and indicate arrors as they occur, provided guidance toward correction; 5Control frustration; 6Demonstrate or model correct solutions.
|
|
|
Who emphasized the influences of culture and language on cognitive development?
|
Vygotsky
|
|
|
T or F; During preschool yrs, as cognitive powers increase the pace and scope of language learning increases dramatically.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
In early childhood language(cognitive) development, words are learned after only one hearing, through _____ ________.
|
Fast Mapping
|
|
|
T or F; “talking down” is unnecessary for preschoolers.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
A way for preschoolers to grasp the essential meaning of new words by quickly connecting them to words and categories that are already understood.
|
fast mapping
|
|
|
Preschoolers sometimes apply the rules of grammar even when they shouldn’t.
|
overregularization
|
|
|
In early childhood memory development, memory is improved through the use of _______.
|
Scripts
|
|
|
T or F; In early childhood memory development, children have acquired the skills for deliberately storing memories of past events and efficiently retrieving these memories.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Skeletal outlines of the usual sequence of certain common recurrent events; Use facilitates the storage and retrieval of memories related to specific episodes of these events
|
scripts
|
|
|
A federally funded U.S. preschool educational program designed primarily to give economically disadvantaged children advance preparation for the intellectual and social challenges of elementary school.
|
HEAD START
|
|
|
Emerges as the preschooler repeatedly explains who they are and who they are not. “I am a big girl” or “I am not a baby”
|
self-concept
|
|
|
Defined by the expanding range of skills and competencies that demonstrate their independence and initiative
|
Erikson’s view on self-concept
|
|
|
T or F; Before 3 y.o. children think that boys and girls can change gender as they get older.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
T or F; Children do not have a definite idea how boys and girls behave, as early as age 3.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
What is the the most significant influence on a child’s early psychosocial growth?
|
parenting style
|
|
|
T or F; Siblings often provide better instruction than adults because they are likely to guide, challenge and encourage a child’s social interactions more frequently and intimately.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What is the most effective parenting style during childhood?
|
Authoritative
|
|
|
What is the most effective parenting style during adolescents?
|
Authoritative
|
|
|
What type of parenting style where the parents are warm and responsive make few demands?
|
Democratic-indulgent
|
|
|
What type of parenting style where discipline is lax?
|
Democratic-indulgent
|
|
|
What type of parenting style where children of are most likely to lack self-control?
|
Permissive
|
|
|
What type of parenting style where parents have strict rules, obedience, and consistent reinforcement?
|
Authoritative
|
|
|
What type of parenting style which produces high self-esteem?
|
Authoritative
|
|
|
What type of parenting style which produces unwanted qualities?
|
Authoritarian
|
|
|
What type of parenting style where parents have strict rules and physical punishment?
|
Authoritarian
|
|
|
What is the age group of Middle Childhood?
|
7 – 12 yrs.
|
|
|
T or F; During middle childhood, children grow faster.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
T or F; During middle childhood, boys have greater forearm strength?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
T or F; During middle childhood, girls have less flexibility?
|
FALSE
|
|
|
T or F; During middle childhood, there are no differences in motor skill btw/ boys and girls?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
T or F; During middle childhood, reaction time, hand-eye coordination, balance and judgment of distance are fully developed?
|
FALSE
|
|
|
During middle childhood, Children gain about __ lbs. per yr.
|
5
|
|
|
During middle childhood, children gain a vast vocabulary through _____ ________.
|
Fast mapping
|
|
|
T or F; Children can not apply rules of proper grammer by the end of middle childhood.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
What was Piaget’s 3rd period or theory of cognitive development?
|
Concrete Operational Thought
|
|
|
In relation to Concrete Operational thought what is the logical principle that a given substance remains the same no matter what changes occur in its shape or appearance.
|
Identity
|
|
|
In relation to concrete Operational Thought what is this an example of: Pouring water from a tall container to a wide container does not change the amount of water only the configuration.
|
Identity
|
|
|
In relation to Concrete Operational thought what is the logical principle that something that has been changed can be returned to its original state by reversing the process of change.
|
reversibility
|
|
|
In relation to Concrete Operational thought what is the logical principle that a change in one dimension of an object can be compensated for by a change in another dimension.
|
Reciprocity
|
|
|
In relation to Concrete Operational thought what are the objects can be organized in terms of categories or classes, sorting foods according to whether they are fruits, vegetables, or dairy products.
|
classification
|
|
|
In relation to Concrete Operational thought what is a particular object or person may belong to more than one class.
|
class inclusion
|
|
|
In relation to Concrete Operational thought what is the principle that changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another
|
Compensation
|
|
|
During middle childhood, the memory strategy of repeating info is ________.
|
Rehearsal
|
|
|
During middle childhood, the memory strategy of regrouping info is ________.
|
Reorganization
|
|
|
During middle childhood, the memory strategy of recollecting previously learned info is ________.
|
Retrieval
|
|
|
The awareness and understanding of how thinking and learning work.
|
Metacognition
|
|
|
T or F; During middle childhood, children develop metacognition.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Children under the age of __ are the best learners of the spoken form of a foreign language
|
10
|
|
|
Howard Gardner’s 7 types of intelligence?
|
¹Linguistic-language; ²Logical mathematical-analyze and solve; ³Musical-compose, play music; 4Spatial-perceive and arrange subjects in situation; 5Social understanding-functions in social settings; 6Self understanding-be self aware and independent
|
|
|
Sternberg’s 3 types of intelligence?
|
¹Academic-measured through IQ; ²Creative-shown by imagination; ³Practical-shown in every day actions
|
|
|
Measures what has already been learned in a specific subject area.
|
Achievement Tests
|
|
|
Measure general aptitude
|
Intelligence tests
|
|
|
A score of __ is considered average for a particular age.
|
100
|
|
|
The Stanford Binet test can be used on any one up to __ yrs. old.
|
18
|
|
|
T or F; The Wechsler tests have different tests for specific age groups through adulthood.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Measures a child’s potential to learn a new subject
|
Aptitude Tests
|
|
|
What is the most common reading disability?
|
Dyslexia
|
|
|
Math learning disability
|
Dyscalcula
|
|
|
An approach to educating children w/ special needs that include them in a regular classroom while providing them w/ special individualized instruction.
|
Inclusion
|
|
|
An approach to educating children w/ special needs by putting them in the same “stream” the general education classroom, as all the other children
|
Mainstreaming
|
|
|
What does ADHD stand for?
|
Attention-Deficit hyperactivity disorder
|
|
|
A behavior problem characterized by excessive activity, an inability to concentrate, and impulsive, sometimes aggressive behavior.
|
ADHD
|
|
|
An attention deficit without the hyperactivity
|
ADD
|
|
|
During middle childhood, “Experience a decrease as a result of increased awareness of personal shortcomings and failures.”
|
self-esteem
|
|
|
Children, who do not respond to instruction in regular or usual ways, may give the impression that they are uncooperative or disruptive, classified as brilliant.
|
Divergent thinkers
|
|
|
Children, who think in orthodox ways, respond to instruction in expected ways.
|
Convergent thinkers
|
|
|
T or F; During middle childhood, children do not experience separation anxiety.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Name 3 key issures for a child’s well being?
|
Stability, Low conflict, and Supportive
|
|
|
What is the most destructive effect on children?
|
Open hostility btw/ parents
|
|
|
What is the most important factor in a child’s coping ability?
|
Social support
|
|
|
T or F; A child’s coping w/ one serious ongoing stress such as poverty are more likely to develop a serious psychiatric problem than other children.
|
FALSE
|
|
|
Biggest influence on middle childhood's self esteem?
|
Peers
|
|
|
Whenever an individual’s effort to obtain any goal is blocked; an aggressive drive occurs that motivates an individual’s behavior to injure the obstacle causing the frustration.
|
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis
|
|
|
Ages of adolescence?
|
13 – 22 yrs. old
|
|
|
What is adolescence characterized by?
|
growth spurt
|
|
|
Which age group is characterized by a period of relatively sudden and rapid physical growth of every part of the body?
|
Adolescence
|
|
|
T or F; Adolescence boys begin their accelerated growth about a year or two earlier than girls
|
FALSE
|
|
|
A period of early adolescence; characterized by rapid physical growth and the sexual changes that make reproduction possible
|
Puberty
|
|
|
Characteristics of puberty for adolescent girls?
|
Emergence of breast buds, appearance of pubic hair, widening of the hips, peak growth spurt, first menstrual period, completion of pubic hair growth and final breast development
|
|
|
Characteristics of puberty for adolescent boys?
|
growth of the testes, and penis, appearance of pubic hair, first ejaculation, peak growth spurt, voice changes, beard development and completion of pubic hair growth
|
|
|
Boys first ejaculation containing sperm?
|
Spermarche
|
|
|
Piaget’s last stage of cognitive development?
|
Formal Operational thought
|
|
|
Hypothetical, logical, and abstract thought characterized which of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?
|
Formal Operational Thought
|
|
|
Young people tend to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others, believing, for example, that their thoughts, feelings or experiences are unique
|
Adolescent Egocentrism
|
|
|
Fiction, fostered by adolescent egocentrism, that one is immune to common dangers, such as those associated with unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving
|
Invincibility fable
|
|
|
Egocentric idea that one is destined for fame and fortune and/or great accomplishments
|
Personal fable
|
|
|
The ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it and how to monitor one’s performance?
|
Metacognition
|
|
|
What is the psychosocial crisis of adolescence?
|
Identity versus role confusion
|
|
|
Marcia's four identity statuses?
|
¹Achievement; ²Foreclosure; ³diffusion; 4moratorium
|
|
|
One of Marcia’s identity statuses’ which states “a person is unique and has self definition”
|
Achievement
|
|
|
One of Marcia’s identity statuses’ which states “acceptance of parental values”
|
Foreclosure
|
|
|
One of Marcia’s identity statuses’ which states “confusion and uncertainty”
|
Diffusion
|
|
|
One of Marcia’s identity statuses’ which states “pause in identity to allow teens to explore alternatives”
|
Moratorium
|
|
|
Most influence on adolescents?
|
Family and friends
|
|
|
Kohlberg’s 6 stages of moral development
|
¹Might makes right - Obedience to authority avoids punishment; ²Look out for number one; ³Good girl and Nice boy; 4Law and order; 5Social contract; 6Universal ethical principles
|
|
|
Who believed that females give more thought to social contexts of moral choices and they focus on relationships.
|
Gilligan
|
|
|
Who believed that females have a morality of compassion and care and not a morality of justice and judgment?
|
Gilligan
|
|
|
Educational strategy that bases academic grades on individual test performance, with students competing against each other
|
Ego-involvement learning
|
|
|
Who believed that all suicides are preceded by behavioral, situational and verbal signs: Drastic drop in school performance, talk of suicide, Withdrawal from family, Running away, attempting suicide
|
Schneidman belief
|
|
|
What is preceded by a long sequence of negative events among adolescents?
|
Suicide
|
|
|
Educational strategy that bases academic grades on the mastery of certain competencies and knowledge, with students being encouraged to learn cooperatively
|
Task-involvement learning
|
|
|
What age is Early Adulthood?
|
20 – 40 yrs.
|
|
|
The gradual decline in physical functioning related to age.
|
Senescence
|
|
|
First sign of aging that is likely to be noticed by a man around age __.
|
30
|
|
|
What are the first signs of aging for a man in early adulthood?
|
Graying or thinning hair
|
|
|
T or F; It is harder for older bodies to adapt to stress.
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Unable to conceive a child after a year or more of regular intercourse without contraception, age may be a major reason
|
infertility
|
|
|
a type of adult thinking that is suited to solving real-world problems
|
Post formal thought
|
|
|
Understanding the pros and cons, advantages and disadvantages, and possibilities and limitations inherent in every idea and course of action
|
Dialectical Thought
|
|
|
Three factors that can affect the success or failure of a marriage?
|
¹Age of partners at marriage; ²Similarity of their background, values and interests; ³Couple’s perception of the balance of equity in the marriage
|
|
|
What is the age group of Middle Adulthood
|
40 - 65 yrs. old.
|
|
|
ovulation and menstruation stop and the production of several hormones, especially estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, drops considerably and is dated one year after a woman’s last menstrual period. (Between ages 42 and 58 with the average being 51)
|
Menopause
|
|
|
a phase preceding actual menopause and lasting about six years, during which a woman’s body adjusts to much lower levels of estrogen
|
climacteric
|
|
|
Factors affecting hearing loss
|
Sex, Genes,Age
|
|
|
At what age do men and women start losing their hearing?
|
30 (men); 50 (women)
|
|
|
Sternberg considered multiple intelligence in what 3 ways?
|
¹Analytic; ²Creative; ³Practical
|
|
|
Which of Sternberg’s part of intelligence pertained to Planning, processing, verbal, logical skills?
|
Analytic
|
|
|
Which of Sternberg’s part of intelligence pertained to intellectual flexibility?
|
Creative
|
|
|
Which of Sternberg’s part of intelligence pertained to the ability to adapt behavior to contextual demands of a situation?
|
Practical
|
|
|
Five clusters of personality termed Big 5?
|
Extroversion; Agreeableness; Conscientiousness; Neuroticism; Openness
|
|
|
Three forms of grandparenthood?
|
Sandwich generation
|
|
|
The generation in between, having both grown children and elderly parents. Feeling pressured by the needs and demands of their adult children and their elderly (ailing or widowed) parents
|
Remote; Involved; Companionate
|
|
|
What is the age group for Late Adulthood?
|
65 to death
|
|
|
Which of Erickson’s stages is Late Adulthood?
|
Ego vs. Despair
|
|
|
The average life expectancy for men is __ and for women is __.
|
72; 79
|
|
|
Common eye disease among the elderly involving a thickening of the lens
|
Cataracts
|
|
|
Hardening to the eyeball due to a fluid build-up within the eye
|
Glaucoma
|
|
|
Disease of the eye involving deterioration of the retina
|
Senile macular degeneration
|
|
|
irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease
|
Dementia
|
|
|
What are some conditions that show symptoms of dementia but really isn’t?
|
Depression and drug OD
|
|
|
A form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning
|
Multi-infarct dementia
|
|
|
What is the cause of multi-infarct dementia?
|
repeated infarcts, preventing sufficient blood flow to the brain. Each infarct destroys some brain tissue
|
|
|
What is the most common form of dementia?
|
Alzheimer’s disease
|
|
|
What is Alzheimer’s characterized by?
|
The gradual deterioration of memory and personality with marked plaques and tangles in the brain
|
|
|
Atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It is an organic cause of dementia. It is always fatal running its course in 2-15 years
|
Pick’s Disease
|
|
|
the dominant social stratification theory is that the more active the elderly are and the more roles they play, the greater their life satisfaction and the longer their life
|
Late Adulthood “Activity theory”
|
|
|
the approach of old age, a person’s social sphere becomes increasingly narrow, as traditional roles become less available or less important and the person’s social circle shrinks because friends die or move away
|
Ageism
|
|
|
Prejudice agains the aged involves categorizations and judgments based on chronological age
|
Late Adulthood “Disengagement theory”
|
|
|
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’ stages of death and dying
|
Denial; Anger; Bargaining; Depression; Acceptance
|
|
|
Which stage of Kubler-Ross' death and dying states "refuses to acknowledge that the loss has occurred"?
|
Denial
|
|
|
Which stage of Kubler-Ross' death and dying states "directed toward self or others"?
|
Anger
|
|
|
Which stage of Kubler-Ross' death and dying states "seeks alternatives to improve the current situation"?
|
Bargaining
|
|
|
Which stage of Kubler-Ross' death and dying states "Feelings of helplessness and loneliness"?
|
Depression
|
|
|
Which stage of Kubler-Ross' death and dying states "Resolution is complete"?
|
Acceptance
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Who believes that the feelings that accompany dying are not really stages but instead are a complex clustering of emotional and intellectual states. These states are influenced by personality and by the presence or absence of pain
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Edwin Shneidman
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Mansell Pattison’s processes of dying
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¹acute phase; ²chronic living-dying interval; ³terminal phase
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What takes a holistic approach to death by attending to the physical, emotional, spiritual, and aesthetic needs of patients and their families, predominantly in their own homes.
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Hospice
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designed to manage the pain and other symptoms so that the dying person can enjoy what remains of life; it is a part of hospice care
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Palliative care
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the voluntary ending of life when illness makes it intolerable
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Euthanasia
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The experience of loss of a loved one through death
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Bereavement
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the emotional response to one's loss
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grief
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the actions and manner of expressing grief
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mourning
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field in the study death and dying, and there is increasing interest in the psychological activities that accompany death and dying
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thanatology
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