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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are gonads
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paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males) that produce hormones and gametes
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What is menarche
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A girls first menstrual period
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What is spermarche
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A boy's first ejaculation
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man’s beard and a woman’s breasts
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Define sexual abuse and describe consequences of sexual abuse
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any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites
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Adolescents are in which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
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formal operational thought
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Define sexual abuse and describe consequences of sexual abuse
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any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protests and whether or not genital contact is involved
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Adolescents are in which stage of Piaget’s cognitive development theory?
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formal operational thought
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Define the characteristics of formal operational thought
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Piaget’s theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logic and the ability to think about abstract ideas
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What is hypothetical thought?
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reasoning that includes propositions possibilities that may not reflect reality
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What is deductive reasoning
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reasoning from a general statement premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics—top-down thinking
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What is inductive reasoning
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reasoning from one or more specific experience or facts to a general conclusion, may be less cognitively advanced than deduction—bottom-up reasoning
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Describe the characteristics of adolescent egocentrism
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a characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10-13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others
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Define the invincibility fable
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an adolescent’s egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal
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What is imaginary audience?
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the other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching, and taking note of, his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior
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Define analytical thought
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thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts… analytic thought depends on logic and rationality
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Define intuitive thought
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thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation—past experiences, cultural assumptions, and sudden impulses are the precursors of intuitive thought—contextualized or experiential thought
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Define Identity vs. Role Diffusion crisis
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Erikson’s terms for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.
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Define identity
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A consistent definition of one’s self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations.
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Define identity achievement
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Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
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Define identity foreclosure
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Erickson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning and analysis
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Define identity diffusion
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it is a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is.
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Define identity moratorium
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A way for adolescents to postpone making identity achievement choices by finding an accepted way to avoid identity achievement.
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Define gender identity
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Refers to cultural or social characteristics
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Define suicidal ideation
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Thoughts of suicide without the suicidal act itself
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Define parasuicide
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Attempted suicides and self-injury with the intent of not actually killing oneself
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Define senescence
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the process of aging, whereby the body becomes less strong and efficient
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Define homeostasis
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the adjustment of the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in a state of equilibrium
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Define organ reserve
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the capacity of young adults’ organs to allow the body to cope with stress
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Define anorexia nervosa
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a serious eating disorder in which a person restricts eating to the point of emaciation and possible starvation
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Define bulimia
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an eating disorder in which the person, usually female, engages repeatedly in episodes of binge eating followed by purging through induced vomiting or use of laxatives
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What are the characteristic of postformal thought?
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The fifth stage of Piaget’s stage, a stage that goes beyond adolescent thinking by being more practical, more flexible, and more dialectical
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Define objective thinking
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devalues subjective feelings, personal faith, and emotional experience while overvaluing objective, logical thinking
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Define subjective thought
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rises from the personal experiences and perceptions of an individual
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What are the characteristics of dialectical thought?
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a most advanced cognitive process, characterized by the ability to consider a thesis and its antithesis simultaneously and thus to arrive at a synthesis
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Define Intimacy vs. Isolation crisis
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the sixth of Erikson’s eight stages of development… adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment… without such commitment they risk profound aloneness and isolation
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Define homogamy
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marriage between individuals who tend to be similar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interest, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
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Define heterogamy
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marriage between individuals who tend to be dissimilar with respect to such variables as attitudes, interest, goals, socioeconomic status, religion, ethnic background, and local origin
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Define primary aging
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the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older
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Define secondary aging
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the specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person
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Describe the characteristics of menopause
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the time in middle age, usually around age 50, when a woman’s menstrual periods cease completely and the production of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone drops considerably
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Describe the characteristics of andropause
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a term coined to signify a drop in testosterone levels in older men, which normally results in reduced sexual desire, erections, and muscle mass
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Define ageism
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cognitive decline is rooted not in the older person’s body and brain but in the surrounding social context—cultural attitudes can lead directly to age differences in cognition
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Define gerontology
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the multidisciplinary study of old age
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Define geriatrics
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the medical specialty devoted to aging
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Describe the characteristics of primary aging in late adulthood
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the universal and irreversible physical changes that occur to all living creatures as they grow older
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Describe the characteristics of the centenarians
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People that will live to be 100 years of age
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What is dementia?
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irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease—dementia becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old
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Define explicit memory
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memory that is easy to retrieve on demand (as in a specific test), usually with words
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Define implicit memory
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unconscious or automatic memory that is usually stored via habits, emotional responses, routine procedures, and various sensations
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Define Integrity vs. Despair crisis
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the final stage of Erik Erikson’s developmental sequence, in which older adults seek to integrate their unique experience with their vision of community
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What are the three types of grandparents?
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1. Remote grandparents
2. Companionate grandparents 3. Involved grandparents |
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Remote grandparents
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Emotionally distant grandparents; honored and and obeyed by the different children
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Companionate grandparents
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Entertain and spoil their grandchildren
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Involved Grandparents
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Active in the day-to-day life of the grandchildren
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What is young-old?
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Healthy, active, financially secure, and independent elderly
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What is Old-old?
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Elderly that suffer from some losses in body, mind, or social support
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What is oldest-old?
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Elderly that are dependent, at risk for illness and injury
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Describe three different theories of aging
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1. Wear and tear: As we use our bodies, the body starts to wear out, part by part, after years of exposure to many things
2. Genetic Adaptation: our DNA of cells could possibly switch on genes that promote aging 3. Cellular Aging: The cells of their bodies become old, damaged, or exhausted |
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What are gateway drugs?
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Gateway drugs are less dangerous drugs that put someone at a greater risk for using harder drugs
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When does Identity versus Role Confusion occur?
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Usually occurs during adolescence, but sometimes can be lifelong
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What are some common causes of infertility among men and women?
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Men: Problems with their reproductive organs (varicose veins in the testes or blocked ducts); Low sperm count
Women: Pelvic inflammatory disease; Senescence |
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When does the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage occur?
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Young adulthood
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Define Generativity vs. Stagnation crisis. When does this stage occur?
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It is the stage where adults seek to be productive in a caring way, usually though work or parenthood. Without this, adults experience a "pervading sense of stagnation and personal impovershment" Usually occurs in mature adults
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What is social clock?
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A timetable based on social norms.
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How is generativity achieved?
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It is achieved through working and parenthood
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What is crystallized intelligence
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Intellectual ability that reflect accumulated learning (vocabulary, general information)
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What are the Big Five clusters of personality traits?
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1. Openness - imagnative, curous
2. Conscientiousness - organized, deliberate, conforming, self-disciplined 3. extroversion - outgoing, assertive, active 4. Agreeableness - kind, helpful, easygoing 5. Neuroticism - anxious, moody, self-punishing, critical |
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What is analytic intelligence
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Involves such mental processes as abstract planning, strategy selection, focused attention, and information processing
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What is fluid intelligence
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The basic intelligence that makes learning of all sorts quick and thorough (short term memory, abstract thought, speed thinking)
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What is practical intelligence
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Intellect used in everyday problem solving
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What is creative intelligence?
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Involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative
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Describe the characteristics of expert cognition.
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1. Intuitive
2. Automatic 3. Strategic 4. Flexible |
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What is Alzheimer's Disease?
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a gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles in the brain
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What is vascular dementia/multi-infarct dementia
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A form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated temporary obstructions of blood vessels
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What is subcortical dementia?
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A kind of dementia that begins with impairments in motor ability (governed in the cortex) and produce cognitive impairment in later stages
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Describe the stages of Alzheimer's
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1. Absentmindedness about recent events or newly acquired information
2. Generalized confusion (deficits in concentration and short term memory) 3. Dangerous memory loss 4. The need for full-time care 5. Complete unresponsiveness |
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What is identity assimilation?
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Reinterpreting every new experience as part of the same old pattern
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What is identity accommodation?
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Abandoning old identity in the face of new contexts
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What is selective optimization with compensation?
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Where individuals set goals. assess their own abilities, and figure out how to accomplish what they want to achieve despite the limitations and declines of later life
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What is social convoy?
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The family members, friends, acquaintances, and even strangers who move through life with an individual
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What are the characteristics of long-term marriages in late adulthood?
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1. Personal happiness
2. Couples learn how to disagree 3. Mutual Respect |
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What are the characteristics of frail elderly?
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Physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively impaired
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What is elder abuse?
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Direct physical attack to ongoing emotional neglect of an elderly person
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What are the main characteristics of elder abuse?
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1. An outgrowth of caregiving
2. Neglect of the caretaker |
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What is living will?
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A document that indicates what medical intervention an individual wants if he or she becomes incapable of expressing those wishes
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What is thanatology?
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The study of death and dying
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What is respite care?
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An arrangement in which a professional caregiver relieves a frail elderly person's usual family caregiver for a few hours each day or for an occasional weekend
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What is hospice care?
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An institution in which terminally ill patience receive palliative care
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What is palliative care?
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Care designed not to treat an illness but to relieve the pain and suffering of the patient and his or her family
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What is active euthanasia?
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A situation in which someone takes action to bring about another person's death, with the intention of ending that person's suffering
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What is passive euthanasia?
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A situation in which a seriously ill person is allowed to die naturally, though the cessation of medical interventions
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What is voluntary euthanasia?
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A situation in which someone asks to die.
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What is bereavement?
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The sense of loss following a death
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What is grief?
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A powerful and personal emotion, a sadness that overtakes daily life
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What is mourning?
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The ceremonies and behaviors that a religion or culture prescribes for bereaved people
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What is absent grief?
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A situation in which overly private people cut themselves off from the community and customs of expected grief
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What is disenfranchised grief?
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Where certain people, although they are bereaved, are not allowed to mourn publicly
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What is incomplete grief?
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A situation in which circumstances, such as police investigation or an autopsy, interfere with the process of grieving
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What are the characteristics of vital organ decline?
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Organ reserve declines
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How would you describe the relationship between middle-aged adults and their parents?
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The relationship improves
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What is drug abuse?
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The ingestion of a drug to the extent that it impairs the user's biological or psychological well-being
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What is drug addiction?
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Absence of the given drug produces a drive--psychological, physiologicla, or both--to ingest more
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Describe the biological sequence of puberty?
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Hypothalamus -> Hormones -> Pituitary -> GnRH -> Gonads -> Increase in testosterone and estrogen
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