Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
A blood clotting disorder produced by X linked genes-
has been an inherited problem throughout the royal families of Europe and descendants of Queen Victoria of Britain. |
hemophilia
|
|
|
genes that are considered recessive and only on the X chromosome.
|
x linked genes
|
|
|
the field of study that examines patterns of growth change and stablility in behavior that occur.
takes a scientific approach |
Lifespan Development
|
|
|
development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influences a persons behavior
|
cognitive development
|
|
|
development involving the bodys physical makeup including the brain, nervous system, muscles and the need for food and drink
|
physical development
|
|
|
the way in which individuas interactions with others and their social relationships grow
|
social development
|
|
|
Factors that increase multiple births
|
using fertility drugs
racial, ethnic and national differences - inheritted differences in the likelihood that more than one ovum will be released at one time. |
|
|
effects of alcohol on fetus
|
fetal alcohol syndrome =
mental retardation and delayed growth in child lower intelligence future behavior and psychological functioning effects on child increased possibility of miscarriage and infancy death |
|
|
a disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantical quanities of alcohol during pregnancy causeing mental retardation and delayed growth in child
|
FAS fetal alcohol syndrome
|
|
|
unconcsious forces act to determine personality and behavior. wishes, desires, demands are hidden from conscious awareness.
|
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory
|
|
|
Raw unorganized inborn part of personality that is present at birth.
operates to the Pleasure Principle - to maxamize satisfaction and reduce tension. represents primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, irrational impulses. |
Freuds ID
|
|
|
The reasonable and rational part of personality.
acts as a buffer between the real world outside us and the primitive ID. operates on REALITY Principle - energy is restrained for the better of individual and society. |
Freuds EGO
|
|
|
a persons conscience, realizing right and wrong
develops at age 5-6 |
Freuds SUPER EGO
|
|
|
ORAL
ANAL PHALLIC LATENCY GENITAL |
FREUDS STAGES
|
|
|
TRUST VS MISTRUST
AUTONOMY VS SHAME/DOUBT INITIATIVE VS GUILT INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY INDENTITY VS ROLE DIFFUSION INTIMACY VS ISOLATION GERERATIVITY VS STAGNATION EGO.INTERGRITVY VS DESPAIR |
ERIKSONS STAGES
|
|
|
The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand and think about the world. PIAGET.
|
Cognitive perspective
|
|
|
The approach that examines cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
focuses primarily on neurological activity that underlies thinking, problem solving, other cogn. behavior |
Cognitive Nueroscience
|
|
|
has helped to identify specific genes that are associated with disorders such as breast cancer to psychological disorders such as schizophrenia.
|
cognitive neuroscience discoveries
|
|
|
Behaviorist Theories are credited to
|
WATSON
|
|
|
Cognitive Theories are creditied to
|
PIAGET
|
|
|
gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
|
continuous change
|
|
|
development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, each bringing about a behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages.
|
Discontinous Change
|
|
|
Genetically determined development, traits abilities
capacities inherited from parents. |
NATURE
|
|
|
influences of the physical and social environment in which a child is raises.
|
NURTURE
|
|
|
the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
|
maturation
|
|
|
a disorder produced by the prescence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair, mongolism
|
Downs Syndrome
|
|
|
1/500 most especially in mothers who are young or old.
|
Factors increasing risk of DOWNS SYNDROME
|
|
|
a blood disorder due to shape of red blood cells. poor appetite, stunted growth. rarely survive childhood.
|
SickleCell Anemia
|
|
|
the underlying combination of genetic material present but not visible in an organism
|
genotype
|
|
|
an obvservable trait that is actually seen
|
phenotype
|
|
|
Twin Studies - identical
|
taking two identical twins in different environments to test nature vs nurture .
children tend to be placed into similar adopted families. researchers end up not always certain that differences are noticed. |
|
|
Twin Studies - non Identical
|
same findings.
|
|
|
END RESULT OF TWIN STUDIES
|
Virtually all traits characteristics and behaviors are the joint result of the combination and interaction of Nature Vs Nurture.
|
|
|
the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to becomepregnant.
|
infertility
|
|
|
the sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception
they contain a huge amount of genetic information |
gametes
|
|
|
the new cell formed by the process of fertilization
two gametes fuse to become this |
zygote
|
|
|
a non-sex chromosome. It is an ordinarily paired type of chromosome that is the same in both sexes of a species. For example, in humans, there are 22 pairs.
|
autosomes
|
|
|
GERMINAL STAGE - EMBRYONIC STAGE - FETAL STAGE is the
|
Prenatal Period
|
|
|
First and shortest stage - takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception - cells muiltiply
|
Germinal Stage
|
|
|
Period from 2-8 weeks after fertilization significant growth occuris in major organs and body systems.
embryo develops three layers. |
Embryonic Stage
|
|
|
3 layers of embryo
|
Ectoderm
Endoderm Mesoderm |
|
|
Stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth.
rapid growth. |
Fetal Stage
|
|
|
a developing child from 8 weeks until birth
|
fetus
|
|
|
a conduit between the mother and fetus providing nourishment and oxygen via umbilical cord
|
Placenta
|
|
|
failure to produce enough sperm or failure to release an egg through ovulation due to hormone imbalance, stress, drugs.
|
Infertility
|
|
|
inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait
|
polygenic inheritance
|
|
|
the process of identifying defects by examining a small sampleof fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amneiotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus
allows the analysis of the fetal cells that can ID a genetic deffect with 100 percent accuracy. done between 15/20 week. |
amniocentesis
|
|
|
A procedure in which a womans ova are removed from ovaries and a mans sperm are used to fertilize ova in a lab
|
IVF In Vitro Fertilization
|
|
|
a process of fertilzation in which a mans sperm is placed directly into a womans vagina by a physician
|
artificial insemination
|
|
|
a factor such as a drug, chemical, virus that produces a birth defect
|
teratogen
|
|
|
what keeps teratogens from reaching the fetus
|
the placenta
|
|
|
a disorder resulting from the prescence of an extra X chromosome that produces underdeveloped genitals, extreme height and enlarged breasts
|
Klinefelters syndrome
|
|
|
the id operates on this ....the goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
|
pleasure principle
|
|
|
ego operates on this... instincutal energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society
|
reality principle
|
|
|
the point at which an infant can survive prematurely (22 weeks)
|
age of viability
|
|
|
the term used for newborns
|
NEONATE
|
|
|
hormone that causes uterine contractions
|
oxytocin
|
|
|
THREE STAGES OF LABOR
the longest stage. uterine contractions occur every 8-10 minutes for 30 seconds. contractions increase to greatest intensity (TRANSITION) babies head passes through |
FIRST STAGE of LABOR
|
|
|
90 minutes . babys head emerges further, vaginal size opens. the baby completely leaves the mothers body
|
SECOND STAGE of LABOR
|
|
|
child umbilica cord and placenta expelled from mother. quick stage.
|
THIRD STAGE of LABOR
|
|
|
an incision sometimes made to increase vaginal opening to allow baby topass
|
episotomy
|
|
|
infants born prior to 38 weeks after conception
|
preterm infants, premature infants
|
|
|
infants who weight less that 5.5 pounds at birth.
|
low-birthweight infants
|
|
|
percent of neonates born premature
|
11 percent
|
|
|
percent of neonates in the low birth weight category
|
7 percent
|
|
|
low birth weight RISK factors
|
highly vulnerable to INFECTION
because lungs are not developed problems taking in oxygen sensitivity to environment, heart rates slow, movement slower, uncoordinated |
|
|
A birth in which the baby is surgically removed from the uterus rather than traveling through the birth canal.
fetus appears to be in danger. |
cesarean delivery
|
|
|
unlearned organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the prescence of stimuli.
|
reflexes
|
|
|
TYPES of reflexes
|
sucking
swallowing rooting |
|
|
turning in the direction of a source of stimulation
|
rooting reflex
|
|
|
sensory reaction developments
|
distinguish colors
hearing hearing limited though touch, smell, taste |
|
|
sensory developments occur way before birth.
|
true
|
|
|
a standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indiciations of good health in newborns
|
apgar scale
|
|
|
APPEARANCE SKIN COLOR
PULSE GRIMACE REFLEX IRRITABILITY ACTIVITY MUSCLE TONE RESPIRATION |
APGAR SCALE AVERAGE SCORES IS
7 OR ABOVE. UNDER 4 NEED IMMEDIATE LIFE SAVING HELP. |
|
|
a restriction of O2 lasting a few minutes during the birth process which can cause brain damage
|
anoxia
|
|
|
a device that measures the babys hearbeat during labor, led to sharp increase of cesarian sections
|
fetal monitor
|
|
|
percent of neonatals that get jaundace
|
not dangerous , ocurs in preterm and low weight neonates. place baby under flourescent light or meds.
|
|
|
infants who because of delayed fetal growth weight 90 percent or LESS of the average weight of infants of the same gestation age
|
small for gestational age babies
|
|
|
biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of when and where they are reaised.
ex)puberty, menopause |
age graded influences
|
|
|
biological and environemental influences associated with a particular historical moment.
ex) seattle earthquake 2001 |
history graded influences
|
|
|
a group of people born about the same time in the same place sharing similar characteristics
|
cohort
|
|
|
false labor, uterus contractions during the FOURTH MONTH that sometimes fool parents to thinking the baby will be born soon
|
Braxton-Hicks contractions AFTER the FOURTH month
|
|
|
main factors to determine risk of preterm babies
|
multiple births
mothers reproductive systems mothers who become pregnant within 6 months of a previous pregnancy nutrition of mother level of med care stress |
|
|
The body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep
|
physical development
|
|
|
Involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behavior
Learning, memory, problem solving skills, and intelligence across the lifespan |
cognitive development
|
|
|
Involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another remain stable or change over the life span
|
personality development
|
|
|
Involves the way in which an individual’s interactions and social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life
|
social development
|
|
|
Gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels
|
continuous change
|
|
|
Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages.
|
discontinious change
|
|
|
are explanations and predictions that provide a framework for understanding relationships
|
theories
|
|
|
Each stage emerges as a fixed pattern that is similar for all people.
Each stage presents a crisis or conflict that each individual must address sufficiently at a particular stage. No crisis is ever fully resolved, making life complicated. UNLIKE FREUD, believed that development continued throughout the lifespan. |
ERIKSON
|
|
|
Based on the idea that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside environmental stimuli.
Behaviorists reject the idea that people universally pass through a series of stages. They view development as occurring because of continuous exposure to specific factors in the environment. |
SKINNER,WATSON,BANDURA
|
|
|
Classical Conditioning ()
Stimulus substitution; organism responds to a previously neutral stimulus in an atypical way |
WATSONS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
|
|
|
People pass in a fixed sequence through a series of universal stages of cognitive development.
In each stage, the quantity of information increases; the quality of knowledge and understanding increases too |
PIAGETS THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
# 41 chapter 1 PP |
|
|
Emphasizes how development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
(culture: a society’s beliefs, values, customs and interests shapes development) Vygotsky argued that children's understanding of the world is acquired through their problem-solving interactions with adults and other children. |
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
|
|
|
is a process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for subjects or participants.
|
EXPERIMENT
|
|
|
is research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge.
|
THEORETICAL RESEARCH
|
|
|
is research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems.
|
APPLIED RESEARCH
|
|
|
Genetically identical; form when cluster of cells in the ovum splits off within the first 2 weeks following fertilization.
|
MONOZYGOTIC Twins
|
|
|
2 separate ova are fertilized by 2 separate sperm; no more genetically similar than 2 siblings.
|
DIZYGOTIC Twins
|
|
|
is an inherited disorder in which a child is unable to use an essential amino acid, and allows a build up of toxins causing brain damage and mental retardation. We can see the transmission of genetic information in humans by considering the transmission of this disorder.
|
PKU
|
|
|
SANDRA SCARR - GENETICS CAN INFLUENCE ENVIRONMENT IN 3 WAYS
|
SANDRA SCARS GENETICS
|
|
|
SCARR - -environment effects (children focus on aspects of the environment that are congruent with their genetic abilities).
|
Active genotype
|
|
|
SCARR --environment effects (parents genes are associated with environment where kids are raised).
|
Passive genotype
|
|
|
SCARR --environment effects (children’s genes elicit a type of environment.
|
Evocative genotype
|
|
|
The goal is to learn how to deal positively with pain and to relax at the onset of a contraction.
|
lamaze birthing technique
|
|
|
Chances of a fetus surviving greatly improve after
_____________________ . Rates shown are percentages of babies born in the US after specific lengths of gestation who survive the 1st year of life. |
28 to 32 weeks
|
|
|
The delivery of a child who is not alive and occurs in less than 1 delivery in 100.
Parents grieve in the same manner as if an older loved one dies. Depression is a common aftermath. |
stillbirth
|
|
|
Infants' visual and auditory systems are not yet fully developed.
-They can see levels of contrast and brightness. -They can tell size consistency and distinguish colors. -They react to sudden sounds and recognize familiar sounds. They are sensitive to touch. Their senses of taste and smell are well developed |
SENSORY
|
|
|
the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus, is probably the most primitive form of learning aInfants have the ability to imitate others.
Infants can differentiate between such basic facial expressions as happiness, sadness, and surprise. Newborns cycle through various STATES OF AROUSAL, different degrees of sleep and wakefulness ranging from deep sleep to great agitation. Social interaction of infants paves way for future social interactionsnd occurs in every sensory system of the infant. |
habituation
|
|
|
Infants have the ability to imitate others.
Infants can differentiate between such basic facial expressions as happiness, sadness, and surprise. Newborns cycle through various _________________ different degrees of sleep and wakefulness ranging from deep sleep to great agitation. Social interaction of infants paves way for future social interactions |
STATES OF AROUSAL
|
|
|
if a gene is found only on the X chromosome and not the Y chromosome, it is said to be a
|
SEX LINKED TRAIT
|
