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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Natural Selection |
evolutionary process in which the best adapted individuals survive & produce |
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Phycological characteristics of natural selection |
evolve bc they " have fitness" |
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Fitness pertains to |
1. mating & sexual behavior 2. caregiving 3. agressive |
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Baltes said: |
as we age, the importance of genetics influences decrease/ importance of culture & education influences increase
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Heredity vs Environment
Heredity (nature) |
inherited, genetic, evolved, hard wired & pre programmed |
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Environment (nurture) |
everything but pre inherited, culture, education, sleep, exercise, nutrition, etc
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Gene Linked abnormalities |
-sickle cell anemia -tay sachs -hemophilia -cystic fibrosis -diabetes |
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The environment determines if gene linked abnormalities are.. |
expressed or silence |
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Genotype: |
Ones genetic makeup |
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phenotype |
observable characteristics (what you finally look like)
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Human Genome project |
mapping of complete set of developmental instructions for creating proteins to create human organism
humans have about 30,000 genes
gene activity is affected by the ENVIRONMENT which turns genes "on" and "off" |
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Epigenetics
(GeneXenvironment) |
study of changes in gene expression
heritable
dont alter the underlying dna sequence |
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According to Epigeneric View:
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Both heredity influences environment and environment influences heredity |
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Germinal (1st Period)
0-2 wks |
24 hrs- ZYGOTE 4 days- BLASTOCYST 5 days- ENTERS UTERUS/ WOMB 14 days- EMPLANTED IN UTERINE WALL |
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Embryonic (2nd period)
(2-8 wks) |
Organogenesis- organs take form in sequence
3 life support structures:
1. Placenta- delivers oxygen & nutrients 2. Amnion- surrounding fluid 3. Umbilical Cord- connects child to placenta |
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Fetal (3rd period)
(Last 7 months) |
weight gain prepare for organ function viable (can survive outside of womb) only a few organs still undergoing specialization |
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Brain Development (fetal stage) |
-100 billion neurons at birth -by 6 months basic architecture via neuronal migration -brain continues to expand and form connections from 6months to age 2 |
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Brain plasticity |
brains ability to change as a result of experience |
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Child birth |
3 Stages
1. Cervix dialates to 10 cm (6-12 hrs) 2. Pass through birth canal (45min) 3.After Birth-placenta (cord blood can be collected) |
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Medicine for birth |
Oxytocin- synthetic hormone used to start contractions
Analgesia- drugs used to relieve pain
Epidural block- numbs body from the waist down |
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Casarean Delivery |
baby's head is delivered first, usually done if baby is in breech position, butt first or if the baby has respiratory problems. baby removed through mothers abdomen |
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Bonding |
forming a close conniption, physical bond between parents & their newborn. |
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Prenatal Diagnostic Tests |
7 wks- ultra sound 10-12 wks- chronic villi sampling 15-18 wks- amniocentesis 16-18- maternal blood screening (find down syndrome) |
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The Newborn |
Pre term- born 35wks or less Early Term-35-37 wks Full Term- 37-39 wks Post Term- 39+ wks |
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Low Birth Weight or <5 1/2 lbs |
learning difficulties, behavioral problems, brain not fully developed |
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Treatments for LBW |
NICU incubator, Reduced Sensory Stimulation, Massage Therapy, Kangaroo Care (skin to skin) |
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Birth defects: |
Abnormality "present" at birth
1. Gene linked "inherited" 2.Chromosomal abnormality "after birth" |
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Teratogen |
Agent causing birth defect (operates after fertilization) |
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Alcohol- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) |
leading cause of mental retardation
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Environmental Hazards: |
Incompatable blood types (Rh factor in mom & dad)
Maternal diseases- SIDS, HIV, etc
Diets & nutrition- (folic acid); weight
-maternal age |
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Severity of a teratogens effects depend on: |
1. Genetic Susceptibility 2.Dose 3.Time of exposure (5-9 wks) |
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Apgar Scale |
how alive the baby is determined by a scale (if baby is pink, has heart rate, coughing & crying.. etc) |
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The brain |
neuron- brain cell axon- info away dentrite- info recieved myelin- covers axon & dentrite Neurotransmitters- chemicals that cross the synapse |
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Myelination |
Dendritic spreading > connection between neurons "blooming"
Blooming & pruning happen in 1st yr |
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Infancy brain
Plasticity; |
Infant brain is waiting for experiences to determine how neural connections are made |
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Childhood brain |
brain development still rapid
myelination continues
R&L hemisphere prefrontal cortex- judgement Amygdala- EMOTION |
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Adolesence brain |
Prefrontal cortex NOT fully formed
Amygdala- center for emotions (matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex)
as a result impulsive & emotional behavior |
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Adult & aging brain |
neurogenisis- dendrite growth can occur in adults "rewiring" to compensate for loss
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Infancy Sleep |
16-17 hrs per day mostly REM or rapid eye movement sleep REM may promote brain development |
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Infancy Sleep
SHARED SLEEPING |
benefits: -promotes breast feeding -quicker response to infant -detection of breathing pause
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Infancy Sleep
SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME(SIDS) |
-stop breathing in sleep -cause is unknown -prevented by having infant on back |
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Childhood Sleep |
need 11-13 hrs of sleep a night inadequate sleep linked to depression, obesity, behavior problems |
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Adolescents Sleep |
9-10hrs if given the oppurtinity usually get less than 8hrs linked to fatigue, moodiness, falling asleep in school & depression
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Older Adults sleep |
Approx. 50% have trouble sleeping lack of sleep linked to health problems |
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Why is sleep deficit linked to psychological functioning? |
Possibly linked to repair of neurons, recovery of myelin |
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Exercise benefits: |
Health cognitive functioning helps control weight &depression
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Exercise Cons: |
Over use injuries head trauma if certain sports are played |
