Life Span Growth & Development Ch. 5 The First Two Years: Biosocial Development

Front 1

Norm

Back 1

An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or populations

Front 2

Percentile

Back 2

A point on a ranking scale of 1-99. The 50th percentile is the midpoint; half the people in the population rank higher and half rank lower.

Front 3

Head-Sparing

Back 3

The biological protection of the brain when malnutrtion affects body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.

Front 4

REM Sleep

Back 4

Rapid eye movment sleep, a stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves.

Front 5

Co-Sleeping

Back 5

A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together.

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Neuron

Back 6

One of the billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially the brain.

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Cortex

Back 7

The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex.

Front 8

Axon

Back 8

A nerve fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrical impulses from the neuron to the dendrites of other neurons.

Front 9

Dendrite

Back 9

A nerve fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons.

Front 10

Synapse

Back 10

The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.

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Transient exuberance

Back 11

The great increase in the number of dendrites that occurs in an infant's brain during the first two years of life.

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Experience-expectant

Back 12

Refers to brain functions that require certain basic common experiences (which an infant can be expected to have) in order to develop normally.

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Experience-dependent

Back 13

Refers to brain functions that depend on particular, variable experiences and that therefore may or may not develop in a particular infant.

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Prefrontal Cortex

Back 14

The area of cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in anticipation, planning, and impulse control.

Front 15

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Back 15

A life-threatening condition that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, rupturing blood vessels in the brain and breaking neural connections.

Front 16

Self-righting

Back 16

The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit.

Front 17

Sensitive Period

Back 17

A time when a certain type of development is most likely to happen and happens most easily. For example, early childhood is considered a sensitive period for language learning.

Front 18

Sensation

Back 18

The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus.

Front 19

Perception

Back 19

The mental processing of sensory information, when the brain interprets a sensation.

Front 20

Binocular Vision

Back 20

The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image.

Front 21

Motor Skills

Back 21

The learned ability to move some part of the body, from a large leap to a flicker of the eyelid.

Front 22

Reflex

Back 22

A responsive movement that seems automatic because its almost always occurs in reaction to a particular stimulus. Newborns have many of these, some of which disappear with maturation.

Front 23

Gross Motor Skills

Back 23

Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumping.

Front 24

Fine Motor Skills

Back 24

Physical abilities involving small body movments, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.

Front 25

Immunization

Back 25

A process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease. A person may acquire this either naturally (by having the disease) or through vaccination (by having an injection, wearing a patch, swallowing, or inhaling).

Front 26

Describe changes in the infant's body size during the first two years.

Back 26

Infants grow taller, gain weight, and increase head circumference. A normal baby is 7.5 pounds & 20 inches long at birth. Birthweight doubles by 4 months, triples by 1 year, and quadruples by 2 years.

Front 27

Describe changes in the infant's sleep patterns during the first two years.

Back 27

Sleep gradually decreases over the first two years. Newborns sleep 17 or more hours per day and have a high proportions of REM sleep. At 3-4 months quiet sleep increases and REM and transitional sleep decrease. A child who does not sleep well usually has some kind of health problem.

Front 28

Describe changes in the infant's body proportions during the first two years.

Back 28

A newborn's head is disproportionatley large, holding a brain at birth that is 25% of its adult weight when the body is only 5% of it's adult weight. By age 2 the brain is 75% of its adult weight and the child's body weight is only 20%.

Front 29

Describe early brain development and the role experience plays.

Back 29

Brain growth is rapid during the first months of life, when dendrites and the synapses within the cortex increase exponentially. Shrinkage of underused and unconnected dendrites begins in the sensory and motor areas and then occurs in other areas. Although some brain development is maturational, experience is also essential. Experience is vital for dendrites and synapses to link neurons. In the first year, parts of the cortex dedicated to the senses and motor skills mature. If neurons are unused, they atrophy, and the brain regions are redirected to other sensations.

Front 30

Distinguish between sensation, perception, and cognition.

Back 30

Sensation occurs when a sensory system detects a stimulus, perception occurs when the brain notices and processes a sensation, cognition occurs when people think about and interpret what they have perceived.

Front 31

Describe the basic reflexes of newborns.

Back 31

Reflexes that maintain oxygen supply (breathing, hiccups, sneezes, thrashing); Reflexes that maintain constant body temperature (cry, shiver, tuck legs in close, push blankets away); reflexes that manage feeding (sucking, rooting, swallowing, spitting up), babinski reflex (toes fan upward when feet are stroked), stepping reflex, swimming reflex, palmar grasping reflex, moro reflex (flinging arms outward and then bringing them together on their chests when startled while crying with wide-open eyes).

Front 32

Name several gross motor skills and the timing of motor-skill acquistion.

Back 32

Sit, head steady (3 mo), sit, unsupported (6 mo), pull to stand (9 mo), stand alone (12 mo), walk well (13 mo), walk backwards (15 mo), run (18 mo), jump up ( 26 mo).

Front 33

What is attributed to the variations in timing of gross motor skill acquisition.

Back 33

Motor skills begin with survival reflexes. Sensory and motor skills follow a genetic and maturational timetable, but they are also powerfully influences by experiences, guided by caregivers and culture, and by practice.

Front 34

Name several fine motor skills.

Back 34

Tongue, jaw, lips and mouth skills, finger skills such as touching an object (3 mo), grabbing an object (6 mo)

Front 35

Name three public health measures that save millions of infants lives each year.

Back 35

immunization, putting infants to sleep on their backs, breast-feeding

Front 36

Name several benefits of breast-feeding

Back 36

Balance of nutrition, micronutrients not found in formula, less infant illness (antibodies), less childhood asthma, better childhood vision, reduced risk of breast cancer and osteoporosis in the mother, natural contraception, costs less

Front 37

Protein-calorie Malnutrition

Back 37

A condition in which a person does not consume sufficient food of any kind. This deprivation can result in illnesses, severe weight loss, and sometimes death.

Front 38

Marasmus

Back 38

A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies.

Front 39

Kwashiorkor

Back 39

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.

Front 40

How old is an infant when binocular vision developes?

Back 40

14 weeks

Front 41

How fast does the infant grow in the first two years in terms of body weight?

Back 41

Average infant is 7.5 pounds at birth, double that by 4 months, triple that by 1 year, and 4 times that by 2 years. An average 2 year old is 30 pounds - 15-20% of their adult height.

Front 42

How fast does the infant gow in the first two years in terms of height?

Back 42

Average infanct is 20 inches at birth and half their adult height by 2 years.

Front 43

How fast does the infant grow in the first two years in terms of brain weight?

Back 43

The brain is 25% of its adult weight at birth, and almost 75% of its adult weight by 2 years.