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352 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
most widely used criteria for deciding whether a person has reached adulthood
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role transitions
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role transitions
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involve assuming new responsibilities and duties
|
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rites of passage
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rituals to mark adulthood (mainly in men)
largely absent in Western culture |
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Returning adult students
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tend to be more motivated and have many other positive characteristics
|
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The passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act
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changed the way people with disabilities participate in society by bringing down barriers to participation
|
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Behaviorally, the frequency of reckless behavior
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drops in adulthood
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A major task for adults is to deal with Erikson's 6th stage
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intimacy vs. isolation
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Men and career-oriented women solve
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identity issues before intimacy issues
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some women resolve
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intimacy issues before identity issues
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So When Do People Become Adults?
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In Western cultures, people become adults when they fully feel like an adult.
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Young adulthood is the time when several physical abilities peak
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height, strength, muscle development, coordination, dexterity, and sensory acuity
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height, strength, muscle development, coordination, dexterity, and sensory acuity
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Most of these abilities begin to decline in middle age
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leading cause of death
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Accidents, followed by AIDS and cancer
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are more likely to die than women
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Men
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more likely to die than European Americans
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Ethnic minorities
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Ethnic minorities are more likely to die than European Americans because
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of poverty and reduced access to health care
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single biggest contributor to health problems
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Smoking
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related to half of all cancers
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Smoking
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primary cause of respiratory and cardiovascular disease
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Smoking
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For most people, drinking alcohol poses
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few health risks
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related to a number of problems including missing classes and unwanted sexual behavior
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Binge drinking
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occurs when the dependence on alcohol interferes with relationships, health, occupation, and social functioning
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Alcoholism
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important risk factor in cardiovascular disease
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The ratio of LDLs to HDLs in serum cholesterol
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socioeconomic status and education
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two most important social factors in health
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Higher education is associated with better health due to
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better access to health care and more knowledge about proper diet and life style
|
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African Americans living in poor, inner-city slums
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poorest health conditions
|
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Most modern theories of intelligence
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multidimensional
|
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across adulthood, abilities reflect different developmental trends and individual differences
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Baltes’ research
|
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Intellectual abilities can be studied as groups of related skills
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primary mental abilities
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Most recent cohorts
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perform better on some skills, such as inductive reasoning
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related to a number of problems including missing classes and unwanted sexual behavior
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Binge drinking
|
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occurs when the dependence on alcohol interferes with relationships, health, occupation, and social functioning
|
Alcoholism
|
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important risk factor in cardiovascular disease
|
The ratio of LDLs to HDLs in serum cholesterol
|
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socioeconomic status and education
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two most important social factors in health
|
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Higher education is associated with better health due to
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better access to health care and more knowledge about proper diet and life style
|
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African Americans living in poor, inner-city slums
|
poorest health conditions
|
|
Most modern theories of intelligence
|
multidimensional
|
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across adulthood, abilities reflect different developmental trends and individual differences
|
Baltes’ research
|
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Intellectual abilities can be studied as groups of related skills
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primary mental abilities
|
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Most recent cohorts
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perform better on some skills, such as inductive reasoning
|
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older cohorts
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perform better on number skills
|
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consists of abilities that make people flexible and adaptive thinkers and generally decline across adulthood
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Fluid intelligence
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reflects knowledge that people acquire through life experience and education in a particular culture and improve until later life
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Crystallized intelligence
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characterized by a recognition that truth may vary from one situation to another, that solutions must be realistic, that ambiguity and contradiction are the rule, and that emotion and subjectivity play a role in thinking
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Postformal thought
|
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One example of postformal thought
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reflective judgment
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more than one right answer
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integration of emotion with logic
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help us to process information when we engage in social interactions
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Stereotypes
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refers to a fear of being judged in accordance with a negative stereotype and can hamper performance
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Stereotype threat
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has a strong influence on social beliefs
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Socialization
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affect thinking in a social context
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Specific situations
|
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represents a unified sense of the past, present, and future
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Young adults create a life span construct
|
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Young adults create a life span construct in two ways
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through a scenario that maps out the future based on a social clock, and in the life story, which creates an autobiography
|
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projecting themselves into the future and thinking what they would like to become, what they could become, and what they are afraid of becoming
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possible selves
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hope-for selves
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18-24 year-olds and 40-59 year-olds report family issues as most importan
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report personal issues to be most important
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25-39 year-olds and older adults
|
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all groups report ______ most feared self
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physical issues
|
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Self-concept in adulthood is believed to develop in stages that
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integrate Piagetian and postformal thinking with emotional development
|
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appears to be relatively stable across adulthood
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Self-concept
|
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Postformal adult thinkers differ from adolescent formal operational thinkers in that the adults are more likely to
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consider situational circumstances
|
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It is estimated that about ____ of high school students in the United States go on to college.
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65%
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In most non-Western cultures, ____ is the most important determinant of adult status
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marriage
|
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The youngest age at which most college's label an individual as a returning adult student is
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25
|
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Notah is a Native American
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stereotype threat
|
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Implicit stereotypes always
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are triggered unconsciously
|
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Schaie's (1994) longitudinal study shows that as people reach their 60s
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all of their primary abilities decline
|
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Low-density lipoproteins
|
cause fatty deposits that can lead to blocked arteries.
|
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Even though Jennings is only 22 years old
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increase with age
|
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Amanda is physically dependent on alcohol
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an addiction
|
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Gina is 40 years old, and often reflects on her life.
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life-story
|
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Stereotypes
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help us process information in social situations.
|
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Who is most at risk for experiencing cognitive decline in old age?
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a 30 year old with hypertensive heart disease
|
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A doctor is most likely to recommend that you consume higher levels of ____ to increase your HDL level.
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fiber
|
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Kate thinks that no matter what she does
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personal control beliefs.
|
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Most people who drink alcohol experience ____ serious health problem(s).
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no
|
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At a chemical level, alcohol addiction results in chemical changes that
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cause the body to crave alcohol.
|
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A baseball coach tells a pitcher
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plasticity
|
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According to Schaie (1994)
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educational experience
|
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Jimmy goes to a party with his college buddies and has six beers in a row.
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binge drinking
|
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Which statement is true?
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Secondary mental abilities represent a subset of a primary mental ability.
|
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Mature thinkers tend to
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integrate emotion and logic in decisions making.
|
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All four of these people successfully quit smoking. Which person's method was most typical of successful quitters?
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Wendy, who quit on her own
|
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Webster loves playing any game in which he can show off the large vocabulary
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crystallized intelligence.
|
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Who has the lowest risk of dying from a chronic disease?
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Fester, who is a college graduate
|
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The youngest age at which most college's label an individual as a returning adult student is
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25.
|
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Smoking represents a major medical problem in the United States with about ____ people each year dying from smoking-related disorders.
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440,000
|
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Which provides the best example of a multidimensional measure?
|
the ACT or SAT college exams
|
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Sheena is struggling to develop her math skills. She's improving, but has a long way to go before she masters them. This process would be best described as
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skill acquisition.
|
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Who is most likely to have the most possible selves?
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Nobuhiro, who is 23 years old
|
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Who would you expect to live the longest?
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Ashley, who is a European American female
|
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Jason believes that gun control is absolutely wrong,
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initial
|
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Sixty-year-old Norbert says, "When I was a teenager I could eat five big meals a day and still feel hungry. Now a couple of snacks can get me through the day." What best accounts for this age-related change?
|
lower metabolic rate
|
|
Role transitions always
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involve the acquisition of new responsibilities
|
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It is estimated that about ____ of high school students in the United States go on to college.
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65%
|
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Dr. Appel is attempting to measure the upper limits of the information-processing capacity of her students. Dr. Appel is most likely attempting to assess their
|
optimal levels of development
|
|
Low-density lipoproteins
|
cause fatty deposits that can lead to blocked arteries.
|
|
Fluid intelligence consist of abilities that
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allow for more flexible and adaptive thinking.
|
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Who would Apter (2001) be most likely to call a "thresholder"?
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Jesse, a 22-year-old male
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When making a court decision, Judge Ito says, "I try to come to reasonable solutions based on the basis of the best arguments that I have available." Judge Ito appears to be in the ____ stages of reflective judgment.
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later
|
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Dr. Zappa is asking you how you might respond to being stranded on a desert island with limited supplies. Later, she has you attempt complex mazes, and asks you to decipher a number of analogies. Dr. Zappa is most likely assessing your
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fluid intelligence.
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Even though Jennings is only 22 years old, he is already the "king of trivia." If Jennings is typical, his ability to do well in trivia games will most likely
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increase with age.
|
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Implicit stereotypes always
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are triggered unconsciously
|
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Mick has structured beliefs about females that seems to come into play in his interactions with women without him even realizing it. What term best describes this phenomenon?
|
implicit stereotyping
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Postformal adult thinkers differ from adolescent formal operational thinkers in that the adults are more likely to
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consider situational circumstances.
|
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Crystallized intelligence is
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acquired across one's life.
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consists of a series of bodily changes occurring in early adolescence, including a period of rapid growth.
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Puberty
|
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caused by increases in the hormones thyroxine and growth hormone
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growth spurt
|
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caused by increases in the sex hormones.
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Sexual maturation
|
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Today, children enter puberty earlier and are bigger at maturity than in
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previous generations
|
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tends to be beneficial to boys, apparently because others perceive them to be more mature and are more likely to treat them as adults.
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Early maturation
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girls may lead them to associate with older adolescents and engage in age-inappropriate behavior.
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Early maturation
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often unpopular, have low self-esteem, and are at risk for medical problems
|
Overweight children and adolescents
|
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youth are those in which children and their parents set eating goals and exercise goals, and both are rewarded for their performance.
|
The most effective programs for treating obesity in youth
|
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characterized by an irrational fear of being overweight
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Anorexia
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involves alternating between binge eating and purging
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Bulimia
|
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cultural standards for thinness, a need for independence within an autocratic family, and heredity
|
factors contribute to anorexia
|
|
participating in sports can
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improve physical fitness
enhance self-esteem |
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Every year, approximately one adolescent out of
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1,000 dies, usually from an accident
|
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transitional period for cognitive processes
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Adolescence
|
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Change in working memory and processing speed that occurs in childhood means
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that adolescents process information efficiently
|
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How Does Information Processing Improve in Adolescence?
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1. Adolescence is a transitional period for cognitive processes.
2. Change in working memory and processing speed that occurs in childhood means that adolescents process information efficiently. 3. Adolescents acquire adult-like levels of knowledge and understanding. This has an indirect effect on cognitive processing. 4. Adolescents become skilled at using appropriate strategies. |
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Kohlberg’s Theory
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preconventional, conventional, and postconventional
|
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developed a theory of moral reasoning based in how people think about moral dilemmas
|
Kohlberg
|
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Preconventional
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a) obedience to authority
b) nice behavior in exchange for future favors |
|
Conventional
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c) live up to others’ expectations
d) follow rules to maintain social order |
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Postconventional
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e) adhere to a social contract when it is valid
f) personal morals based on abstract principles. |
|
Moral reasoning
|
reflects the culture in which a person is reared
reflects cultural values. |
|
criticized Kohlberg’s theory on the grounds that it was biased toward a justice point of view of moral reasoning
|
Gilligan
|
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claimed that women base their reasoning more on a care and responsibility in interpersonal relationships ethic.
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Gilligan
|
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use both a justice and a care/responsibility approach depending on the circumstances.
|
both males and females
|
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suggests that moral development involves a developmental shift away from self-centered thinking to social norms and moral principles
|
Eisenberg’s theory
|
|
Three factors contribute to moral reasoning
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a) Awareness of one’s thinking
b) Observing others’ reasoning c) Discussing moral issues with peers, teachers, and parents. |
|
claimed that the crisis of adolescence is to achieve an identity.
|
Erikson
|
|
The search for identity typically involves four statuses.
|
Diffusion and foreclosure are more common in early adolescence; moratorium and achievement are more common in late adolescence and young adulthood
|
|
adolescent thought becomes very self-oriented
|
During their search for an identity
|
|
A family atmosphere that encourages adolescents to explore alternatives on their own
|
most conducive to establishing a well-defined identity
|
|
three phases in acquiring an ethnic identity
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initial disinterest, exploration, and identity achievement
|
|
usually results in higher self-esteem and better academic performance
|
Achieving an ethnic identity
|
|
is not consistently related to the strength of one’s identification with mainstream culture
|
Achieving an ethnic identity
|
|
self-esteem stabilizes but will sometimes drop when children move to middle or junior high school
|
elementary school
|
|
Children and adolescents with affectionate and involved parents
|
have higher self-esteem.
|
|
Children and adolescents who are successful in school have
|
higher self-esteem
|
|
often begins with the meeting of same-sex groups and progresses to well-defined couples
|
Dating
|
|
most adolescents have had sexual intercourse
|
By age 19
|
|
Adolescents are more likely to be sexually active if
|
they believe that their parents and peers approve of sex
|
|
two common consequences of adolescent sexual behavior, because sexually active adolescents use contraceptives infrequently
|
Pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases
|
|
report engaging in homosexual experiences
|
small percentage
|
|
Current theorizing emphasizes the contributions of biology
|
origins of a homosexual orientation
|
|
a situation where an adolescent or young adult female is forced into sex against their will. It may be that some males misinterpret or disregard females’ intentions.
|
Date rape
|
|
particularly likely when either partner has been drinking or when the couple has had sex previously.
|
Sexual coercion
|
|
proposes that an adolescent’s identity and career aspirations develop in parallel.
|
Super’s theory of vocational choice
|
|
three phases of vocational development during adolescence and young adulthood
|
Crystallization
Specification Implementation |
|
basic interests are identified
|
Crystallization
|
|
jobs associated with interests are identified
|
Specification
|
|
marks entry into the work force
|
Implementation
|
|
Holland proposed six different work-related personality types:
|
realistic, investigative, social, conventional, enterprising, and artistic
|
|
This phenomenon began in the 1980’s and is unique to the United States
|
Most American adolescents will have a part-time job
|
|
typically do poorly in school, often have lowered self-esteem and increased anxiety, and have problems interacting with others
|
Adolescents, who are employed more than 15 hours per week during the school year
|
|
save relatively little of their income
|
Employed adolescents
|
|
can be beneficial if they work relatively few hours and if the work allows them to use existing skills or to acquire new ones
|
Adolescent part-time employment
|
|
only drug that many adolescents use regularly
|
alcohol
|
|
Adolescents are attracted to alcohol and other drugs by their need for
|
experimentation, relaxation, escape, and to produce feelings of exhilaration.
|
|
encouragement from parents and peers and their ability to cope with stress
|
factors that influence whether adolescents drink
|
|
have little enthusiasm for life, believe that others are unfriendly, and wish to be left alone
|
Depressed adolescents
|
|
can be triggered by an event that deprives them of rewarding experiences, by an event in which they felt unable to control their own destiny, or by an imbalance of neurotransmitters
|
Depression
|
|
relies upon medications that correct the levels of neurotransmitters and therapy designed to improve social skills and restructure adolescents’ interpretations of events
|
treatment of depression
|
|
third most frequent cause of death in adolescents
|
suicide
|
|
Depression and substance abuse
|
precursors of suicide
|
|
may involve a status offense, acts that are crimes because they are committed by an adolescent (e.g., truancy), or index offenses, acts that are crimes regardless of the age of the offender.
|
Delinquent behavior
|
|
Two types of delinquent behavior
|
life-course persistent antisocial behavior and adolescent-limited antisocial behavior.
|
|
may be motivated by the desire to possess high status items
|
Adolescent-limited antisocial behavior
|
|
has been linked to social class, family processes, lack of self-control, and biological causes.
|
Life-course persistent antisocial behavior
|
|
Levinson
|
proposed a series of stages friendship go through
|
|
stages friendship go through
|
acquaintanceship, buildup, continuation, deterioration, and ending
|
|
People tend to have more friendships during
|
young adulthood than during any other period.
|
|
Three themes underlie adult friendships
|
an affective or emotional basis, a shared or communal nature, and sociability and compatibility.
|
|
tend to have fewer close friends and base them on shared activities, such as sports.
|
men
|
|
tend to have more close friendships, and base them on intimate and emotional sharing
|
women
|
|
key components of love that can be used to understand how relationships develop
|
Passion, intimacy and commitment
|
|
Although styles of love change with age,
|
the priorities within relationships do not.
|
|
people select mates based on their similarity to each other.
|
theory of assortative mating
|
|
The relationship of a couple may progress in stages
|
stimulus, values, and role.
|
|
same kinds of attachments they had as children to important adults.
|
adults recreate in partnership relationships
|
|
tend to be cautious pragmatists.
|
women
|
|
tend to be more romantic earlier in relationships
|
men
|
|
occurs when a woman believes that she cannot leave the abusive situation.
|
battered woman syndrome
|
|
Levels of aggressive behavior
|
verbal aggression, to physical aggression, to murdering one’s partner
|
|
become more complex as the level of aggression increases.
|
causes of aggressive behaviors
|
|
People remain in abusive relationships for many reasons
|
low self-esteem and beliefs that they cannot leave
|
|
remain unmarried
|
Fewer men than women
|
|
twice as likely to be single compared to European Americans.
|
In young adulthood, African Americans
|
|
cohabitation is much more common
|
In some European countries
|
|
Couples who cohabitated first
|
have a higher divorce rate
|
|
tend to be more egalitarian, and are more likely to remain together than gay male couples.
|
Lesbian couples
|
|
creating a stable sense of identity as a foundation for intimacy, similarity of values and interests, and contributions of unique skills by each partner.
|
most important factors in creating stable marriages
|
|
For couples with children, marital satisfaction tends to decline until
|
the children leave home
|
|
couples must be flexible, adaptable, and communicate well with each other.
|
To keep a marriage happy
|
|
most common form of family in Western societies
|
nuclear family
|
|
most common form of family around the world
|
extended family
|
|
Families experience a series of relatively predictable changes called the
|
family life cycle
|
|
family life cycle
|
provides a framework for understanding changes families go through as children mature.
|
|
usually prove to be good parents.
|
Gay male and lesbian parents
|
|
factors that contribute to high divorce rate of 50-50
|
ethnicity and social norms
|
|
recovery from divorce - clearly have a harder time in the long run, often for financial reasons.
|
women
|
|
According to Kohlberg's original theory, there are ____ levels of moral reasoning each containing ____ stages.
|
three; two
|
|
Whose model of moral development is best described as a level of prosocial reasoning approach?
|
Kohlberg
|
|
Overweight teens are most at risk for developing ____ later in life.
|
diabetes
|
|
Which statement concerning cognitive development in adolescence is true?
|
Working memory and processing speed are more adultlike than childlike.
|
|
Which of the following factors seems to be most involved in change in the average age of menarche that has been seen in many industrialized nations over the past 150 years?
|
nutrition
|
|
Which of the following statements best describes an approval-focused orientation?
|
Good kids are supposed to behave themselves.
|
|
Primary sex characteristic changes are those directly impacting
|
reproduction.
|
|
In a typically developing adolescent experiencing puberty, you would expect that their ____ would be the last body area to grow.
|
trunk
|
|
Historically, a girl's first menstruation signaled her ascendance into adulthood. Today, we refer to this specific event as
|
menarche
|
|
If you were in a classroom based on the idea of "Just Communities," you would expect to
|
hear students and teachers discussing the moral consequences of different actions.
|
|
Which measure would be used to determine where a child is overweight?
|
BMI
|
|
Dontee is a typical teenager. Research has indicated that the moodiness that he is exhibiting is most likely due to
|
changes in social settings and activities.
|
|
Concerning weight, the abbreviation BMI stands for
|
body mass index.
|
|
Those adhering to a(n) ____ orientation to prosocial reasoning would always try to act like they think a good member of society should act.
|
approval-focused
|
|
From whom would you expect the biggest gains in height and weight over the next three years?
|
Tina, who is 11 years old
|
|
Kohlberg proposed that stages of moral reasoning
|
form an invariant sequence.
|
|
One way to reduce the incidence of obesity in adolescence is to have them engage in "regular activity." Which of the following defines such activity?
|
Exercise should keep the heart rate at about 140 beats per minute.
|
|
Jackson's statement, "My moral compass is based on the simple premise that one must always adhere to social norms" indicates that he is operating at the ____ level of moral reasoning.
|
conventional
|
|
The statement "____" underlies the basic premise of Eisenberg's needs- oriented orientation.
|
I want to help
|
|
Based on statistics, which of the following 16-year-old males is most likely to die in an incident involving a firearm?
|
Ned, who is African American
|
|
Programs that effectively assist obese children in losing weight tend to
|
have parents monitor their own lifestyles to serve as good models for proper eating.
|
|
In the United States, about ____ out of every 1000 adolescents dies each year.
|
one
|
|
The speed at which the body consumes calories is referred to as
|
basal metabolic rate.
|
|
Who is most likely to enjoy positive psychological benefits from the timing of maturation?
|
Burton, who is an early-maturing male
|
|
Social system morality is the focus of one of the stages of Kohlberg's ____ level of moral reasoning.
|
conventional
|
|
A person in the first stage of preconventional moral reasoning relies heavily on ____ when making a moral judgment.
|
obedience to authority
|
|
Estrogen is to androgen as
|
ovary is to testes.
|
|
Klaczsnski and Narasimham (1998) found that when making decisions concerning scientific research, teens tend to
|
dismiss findings that threaten their beliefs.
|
|
Primary sex characteristic changes are those directly impacting
|
reproduction.
|
|
In the United States, about ____ out of every 1000 adolescents dies each year.
|
one
|
|
Dontee is a typical teenager. Research has indicated that the moodiness that he is exhibiting is most likely due to
|
changes in social settings and activities.
|
|
A typical teenage girl should consume approximately ____ calories each day.
|
2200
|
|
Which phrase describes the basic premise of Gilligan's theory of moral development?
|
the ethic of care
|
|
The fact that 250-pound Robyn's basal metabolic rate affects her weight supports the role of ____ in obesity.
|
genes
|
|
Carrie exhibits anorexia nervosa. When she looks in a mirror, she is most likely thinking,
|
"I'm so fat!"
|
|
What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma?
|
Can stealing be justified?
|
|
Social system morality is the focus of one of the stages of Kohlberg's ____ level of moral reasoning.
|
conventional
|
|
The negative effects associated with being an early-maturing female have been found to be offset by
|
having supportive parents.
|
|
If you were asked to develop an effective prevention program concerning eating disorders in teens, you should
|
teach the importance of resisting the social pressure to be thin.
|
|
Who is most likely to enjoy positive psychological benefits from the timing of maturation?
|
Burton, who is an early-maturing male
|
|
Jackson's statement, "My moral compass is based on the simple premise that one must always adhere to social norms" indicates that he is operating at the ____ level of moral reasoning.
|
conventional
|
|
Research has shown that
|
childhood obesity is related to bulimia but not anorexia.
|
|
Which best describes the "paternal investment theory" of puberty?
|
Dads have the greatest impact on the timing of early puberty, and having a highly involved dad appears to delay the onset of puberty.
|
|
If your basal metabolic rate were to dramatically accelerate, you would likely begin to
|
lose weight
|
|
____ is one of the defining characteristics of anorexia nervosa.
|
The persistent refusal to eat
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|
Fifteen-year-old Kristi was adopted when she was an infant. Her adult weight is best predicted by the
|
weight of her biological parents.
|
|
Currently in the United States about one in ____ adolescents is overweight.
|
seven
|
|
A sex difference during puberty involves the fact that
|
body fat levels tend to be more pronounced in females.
|
|
Overweight teens are most at risk for developing ____ later in life.
|
diabetes
|
|
Why do Asian American and Latino American teens tend to begin dating at a later age than European American teens?
|
stronger family ties
|
|
Which 14-year-old is planning on committing a juvenile delinquent status offense?
|
Boris, who is planning on running away from home
|
|
____ identity status occurs after an individual has explored several options and has made a deliberate decision.
|
Achievement
|
|
Bem (1996) proposed that the biological basis of sexual orientation involves
|
genetic and hormonal factors that influence temperament and affect orientation to same- or opposite-sex activities.
|
|
Which group of teenage boys has by far the highest suicide rate?
|
Native Americans
|
|
Which statement regarding Marcia's four identity statuses is correct?
|
An individual can be in more than one stage at one time.
|
|
The Strong Interest Inventory is most associated with
|
personality-type theory.
|
|
According to Holland, people with a(n) ____ personality type are most likely to be satisfied with a teaching career.
|
social
|
|
Research has indicated that when a high school student begins to work over ____ hours a week at a part-time job during the school year, academic problems may arise.
|
15
|
|
What is the correct order of the phases of career development?
|
crystallization, specification, implementation
|
|
Foreclosure is to achievement as
|
others is to self.
|
|
Learned helplessness is characterized by a belief that
|
one's feelings are completely due to uncontrollable, external factors.
|
|
The critical difference between normal sadness and depression is that depression is
|
pervasive
|
|
Of the following theorists, ____ theory does the best job of describing the developmental progression of career choice.
|
Super's
|
|
Which of these STDs is caused by bacteria?
|
gonorrhea
|
|
According to recent research, most adolescents
|
admire and love their parents.
|
|
Which is the best example of a juvenile delinquency index offense?
|
driving 80 mph in a 35-mph zone
|
|
Your roommate is trying to figure out what to do for a career. If you were a proponent of the personality-type theory, you might recommend that she take the
|
SII.
|
|
The main assumption of Holland's theory is that people
|
will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities.
|
|
The attitudes, behaviors, and values that we believe make us unique individuals are called our
|
self-concept.
|
|
According to the chart in your text, which drug is used least by adolescents?
|
LSD
|
|
Which high school student is most likely to benefit from her job?
|
Cyndi, who only works during the summer
|
|
Nicholas and Alexandra are typical American teenagers. How would their descriptions concerning their first sexual experience most likely differ?
|
Alexandra's peers would be more likely to express some disapproval concerning her behavior.
|
|
About ____ of male and female teenagers identify themselves as homosexual.
|
5%
|
|
Adolescents are especially susceptible to acquiring AIDS because, compared to the general population, they are
|
more likely to use intravenous drugs.
|
|
The defining feature of the "personal fable" is a feeling of
|
uniqueness.
|
|
Which individual is committing an index offense?
|
Scott, a 23-year-old who is stealing a car
|
|
Which statement concerning part-time work and teenagers is true?
|
Jobs that require the use of some skill tend to enhance self-esteem.
|
|
According to Holland, people with a(n) ____ personality type are most likely to be satisfied with a teaching career.
|
social
|
|
How do the employment patterns of American teens vary from age peers from other industrialized nations?
|
American teens are much more likely to be holding down part-time jobs.
|
|
Chancres are associated with which STD?
|
syphilis
|
|
Ten years from now most jobs will be in the ____ industry.
|
service
|
|
Sid and Nancy are out on their fifth date. Which factor is least likely to increase the possibility of an acquaintance rape occurring?
|
Nancy struggles with Sid when he makes unwanted advances.
|
|
According to Super, the key element of the specification phase of career development involves
|
limiting career possibilities.
|
|
A major theme of most date rape prevention workshops is to
|
establish good communication about sex.
|
|
Murder is a(n) ____ offense.
|
index
|
|
According to recent research, most adolescents
|
admire and love their parents.
|
|
Which statement concerning self-esteem is true?
|
A harmonious child-parent relationship tends to lead to higher levels of self- esteem in adolescents.
|
|
Why do Asian American and Latino American teens tend to begin dating at a later age than European American teens?
|
stronger family ties
|
|
Your text indicates that many teenagers who smoke are convinced that cigarette smoking is harmless for healthy adolescents. Which concept does the best job of explaining this phenomenon?
|
illusion of invulnerability
|
|
What is the best description of the relationship between strength of ethnic identity and self-esteem?
|
positive correlation
|
|
Bogaert (2003) has found that gay men often have numerous older brothers. How was this fact thought to lead to homosexuality?
|
Biochemical responses by mom's immune system increase with each male baby.
|
|
Of the following theorists, ____ theory does the best job of describing the developmental progression of career choice.
|
Super's
|
|
Jan's decision to stay home from school because she thinks everyone will notice a pimple she has recently discovered on her chin serves as an excellent example of
|
an imaginary audience.
|
|
The Strong Interest Inventory is most associated with
|
personality-type theory.
|
|
When Seuss is asked what she wants to do with her life, she says "My parents really want me to be a doctor, so I'm going to be a doctor." In doing so, Seuss is exhibiting Marcia's ____ type of identity status.
|
foreclosure
|
|
Which comment concerns the relationship between adolescent mental health and part-time jobs in excess of 20 hours per week?
|
Teens with such jobs tend to be more likely to experience depression and anxiety than their peers.
|
|
The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter middle school appears to be due to
|
peer comparisons.
|
|
____ identity status occurs after an individual has explored several options and has made a deliberate decision.
|
Achievement
|
|
After exploring a number of career options, Antonio chooses to become an accountant. According to Marcia, what level of identity status is Antonio exhibiting?
|
achievement
|
|
Kalminjn and Flap (2001) found that ____ tended to promote strong homogamy in relationships.
|
meeting in school
|
|
In a "no-fault marriage,"
|
a couple can separate after 6 months without cause (i.e., adultery).
|
|
Compared to 1970, the number of cohabitating couples in the United States had ____ by the year 2000.
|
increased significantly
|
|
Which best describes the relationship between gay and lesbian relationships versus heterosexual relationships?
|
Homosexual couples are more likely to argue over former loves.
|
|
Which couple is probably the happiest?
|
Harvey and Amy, who have just retired
|
|
According to O'Leary's (1993) model, ____ would have the largest number of potential underlying causes.
|
murder
|
|
Research on the biology of physical attraction suggests that neurochemicals related to ____ underlie the feeling of exhilaration that often is experienced when you fall in love.
|
amphetamines
|
|
Thirty-six-year-old Alexander and 25-year-old Jonathan are typical first-time fathers. We would expect that
|
Alexander would spend more time with his child than Jonathan.
|
|
Expression of negative emotions toward a spouse is positively correlated with
|
early divorce.
|
|
It is estimated that it will cost middle-income parents about ____ to raise a child born in 2004 from birth through high school.
|
$250,000
|
|
As a child, Kobe had an avoidant relationship with both his mom and dad. Research suggests that this would most likely lead to Kobe having ____ as an adult.
|
trouble forming friendships
|
|
Sanford's friendships tend to be based on self-disclosure and intimacy. This exemplifies the ____ component of friendship.
|
affective
|
|
The fact that Jerry and Elaine broke up because he was Jewish and she was Lutheran is best explained as being a problem in Murstein's ____ stage of couple formation.
|
values
|
|
Toni and Tim have just gotten married. Which component of love is most likely to be stronger 20 years from now than it is today?
|
commitment
|
|
Which belief about marriage is true?
|
In most marriages, having a child decreases marital satisfaction for both spouses.
|
|
Al and Peg are a typical American couple who have cohabitated for many years. If they later marry each other, they are likely to be ____ than other married couples that did not cohabitate.
|
less happy
|
|
Which statement concerning African Americans, European Americans, and Latinos in America is true?
|
African Americans are most likely to be single during young adulthood.
|
|
Based on statistics, which pair would you expect to have had the most past short-term relationships?
|
William and Kirk, who are a gay male couple
|
|
Eric and Jon have been friends for many years, but recently their friendship could be described as in the deterioration stage. Which factor is most likely to bring the relationship to the ending stage?
|
Eric and Jon find new friends.
|
|
Which statement best reflects the principle of assertive mating?
|
Birds of a feather flock together.
|
|
When compared to heterosexual fathers, gay fathers appear to be more concerned with
|
providing their children with a nonsexist, nurturing environment.
|
|
Juliet can feel it! She wants Romeo physically, and she wants him badly! Juliet is most likely experiencing
|
passion.
|
|
The defining belief among individuals experiencing "battered woman's syndrome" is that
|
they are powerless to get away from the abuse.
|
|
Which is not one of the three components of love, according to Sternberg?
|
sociability
|
|
Which has been associated with a decline in midlife marital satisfaction?
|
health problems
|
|
Expression of negative emotions toward a spouse is positively correlated with
|
early divorce.
|
|
Shiela is a recently divorced woman who has custody of her two young daughters. Shiela's biggest problems are most likely to be
|
financial
|
|
According to research presented in your text, what can be done to keep a marriage happy for a long time?
|
be forgiving
|
|
Toni and Tim have just gotten married. Which component of love is most likely to be stronger 20 years from now than it is today?
|
commitment
|
|
The causes of aggressive behavior become more ____ as the level of aggressive behavior increases.
|
complex
|
|
____ can be instigated by either the male or female member of a relationship.
|
Common couple violence
|
|
The "intimacy" component of love is most similar to the ____ theme of adult friendships.
|
affective
|
|
Which best describes the relationship between gay and lesbian relationships versus heterosexual relationships?
|
Homosexual couples are more likely to argue over former loves.
|
|
Juliet can feel it! She wants Romeo physically, and she wants him badly! Juliet is most likely experiencing
|
passion
|
|
By definition, patriarchal terrorism must
|
be initiated by a man.
|
|
Which has been associated with a decline in midlife marital satisfaction?
|
health problems
|
|
Ashley is 35 years old and just had her first baby. She is less likely to ____ than younger mothers.
|
be anxious about being a parent
|
|
Financial issues fit best into the ____ determinant category of the childbearing decision.
|
lifestyle
|
|
Part-time or limited cohabitation is usually undertaken because of
|
convenience or sexual accessibility.
|
|
Research on the biology of physical attraction suggests that neurochemicals related to ____ underlie the feeling of exhilaration that often is experienced when you fall in love.
|
amphetamines
|
|
Ken and Barbie are sexually active singles who are discussing the idea of moving in together. They are definitely contemplating
|
cohabitation
|
|
____ are more likely to identify problems early in a marriage.
|
Women
|
|
Which factor seems to be the best predictor of healthy postdivorce relationships?
|
low preoccupation with the ex-spouse
|
|
When compared to heterosexual fathers, gay fathers appear to be more concerned with
|
providing their children with a nonsexist, nurturing environment.
|
|
Due to the nature of their task, foster parents must
|
take care in encouraging infants in their care to form attachments to them.
|
|
It is estimated that it will cost middle-income parents about ____ to raise a child born in 2004 from birth through high school.
|
250,000
|
|
Siegfried and Roy have been friends for many years. In the past few months, however, they seem to have less in common, and Roy has been thinking more about hanging out with a potential new friend. Siegfried and Roy appear to be in the ____ stage of friendship development.
|
deterioration
|
|
Which person is least likely to have a strong friendship with her brother?
|
Helen, who is 50
|
|
Which characteristic is least likely to underlie aggressive relationship behavior by a male?
|
empathy
|
|
Eric and Jon have been friends for many years, but recently their friendship could be described as in the deterioration stage. Which factor is most likely to bring the relationship to the ending stage?
|
Eric and Jon find new friends.
|