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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the traditional view of development?
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Dev. starts at Birth and goes throu Adolescence. Focus is on the psychological dev.
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What is the definition of life-span development?
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Starts at conception and goes across the life-span of the person.
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What are the 3 central issues regarding human development?
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1) Nature & Nurture
2) Stability & Change 3) Continuity & Discontinuity |
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What are the 8 periods of development over the life-span?
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1) Prenatal (conception - birth) sensorimotor stage
2) Infancy (birth - 18 to 24mos) sensorimotor stage 3) Early childhood (2-5) preoperational stage 4) Middle & Late childhood (6-11) concrete operational stage 5) Adolescense (10 - 12 to 18-21) formal operational stage 6) Early adulthood (20-30) 7) Middle adulthood (40-50) 8) late adulthood (60 -70 to death) |
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What are the 8 characteristics of the life-span perspective?
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1) Dev. is lifelong process
2) Dev. is multi-dimensional 3) Dev. is multi-directional 4) There is much plasticity in dev. 5) Dev. is shaped by historical & cultural contxt. 6) Dev. is multiply influenced. 7) Dev. is influenced by an active individual. 8) Understanding dev. requires multiple desciplines. |
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What are Normative age-graded influences?
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Similarities between people in a particular age group. (e.g. crawling or walking)
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What are Normative history-graded influences?
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Similarities between people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances. (e.g. American Baby Boomers, 9/11, WWII)
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What are Non-normative life events?
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Life events we can't anticipate. (e.g. a home fire or winning lottery)
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What kind of learining was the focus of Bandura's social cognitive theory?
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Focuses on learning by observing and imitating the behavior of other people. Constructing and remembering mental representation to guide behavior. Continuous reciprocal interaction in development.
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What is Skinner's idea of operant conditioning?
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Carrot & Stick metaphor
It is based on rewards & punishments. Emphasized the power of the environment to shape & control behavior. |
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What is Watson's idea of classical conditioning?
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Stimulus = Response
Neutral stimulus is paired with an unlearned (instinctive) or unconditioned stimulus-response pattern results in a learned conditioned response. (e.g. Dog drooling at sound of bell.) |
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What are the differences between Piaget and Vygotsky's theories?
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Piaget - As human beings mature, they acquire more complex patterns of thought and action that aid in adapting to their environment. (construction of knowledge)
Vygotsky - Children are social beings who develop cognitively through the interactions with members of their culture. (Co-construction of knowledge) aka ZPD - zone of proximal development |
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What are the 4 stages of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
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Sensorimotor stage (birth-2)
Preoperational stage (2-7) Concrete operational stage (7-11) Formal operational stage (11 - adulthood) |
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What are Erikson's 8 stages of phycho-social development?
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1) Trust vs. Mistrust
2) Autonomy vs. shame & doubt 3) Initiative vs. guilt 4) Industry vs. inferiority 5) Identity vs. identity confusion 6) Intimacy vs. isolation 7) Generativity vs. stagnation 8) Integrity vs. despair |
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What are the 5 stages of Freud's theory of psycho-sexual development?
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1) Oral
2) Anal 3) Phallic 4) Latent 5) Genital |
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According to Freud, what are the Id, Ego and Superego?
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Id - (pleasure principle) urges & desires (devil metaphor)
Ego - Rationally mediates between id and superego (reality principle) Superego - Internalized social moral standards (conscience) angel metaphor |
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What is the primary focus on Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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People are driven by motives & emotions which they are largely unaware of.
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What is the Contextual paradigm?
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Tennis match metaphor - Humas development is interactive with the environment. It can be continuous or discontinuous depending of how the game is played. Both person and environment are active partners which can lead to the transformation of both. Dev. is both nature & nurture. The important thing to study is the interaction.
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What is the Organismic paradigm?
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Butterfly metaphor - Nature drives developement. Human nature is mostly good (active, curious creatures), dev. is discontinuous (stage-like), we create our own reality based on the environment. Dev. is progressive (gets better) and one directional (from caterpillar to butterfly) an not reverse.
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What is the Mechanistic paradigm?
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Machine metaphor - Human nature is a blank slate, Nurture drives development, role of the person is passive, dev. is continuous (smooth transitions), the person can only react to the environment that is controlling them. Dev. is context-specific.
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What is the Psychodynamic paradigm?
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Battleground metaphor - Human nature is conflicted, human nature is bad (selfish, sexual & aggressive urges need to be controlled), Nature (biology) drives development, the role of the person is passive (influenced by forces beyond our control), dev. is discontinuous psycho-sexual stages (stage-like).
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What is the Maturational paradigm?
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Plant metaphor - Human nature are a product of their genes, nature drives dev., person is reactive to their genes. Dev is continuous or discontinuous depending on the genetic program. Dev is universal.
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What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
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Theory - sets of ideas that help to explain phenomena dn make predictions.
Hypothesis - Specific assertions and predictions that can be tested. |
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What are the 4 step process of the scientific process?
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1) Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied
2) Collect research information or data 3) Analyze the data 4) Draw conclusions |
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What is the temperament of the easy child?
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Happy, calm, regular, predictable, open to new experiences.
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What is the temperament of the difficult child?
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Tends to react negatively and cry frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change. Slow to comfort.
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What is the temperament of the slow-to-warm child?
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Typically has low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intesity of mood.
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What is meant by infant temperament?
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The infant's behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding.
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What is the difference between a reflexive smile and a social smile in infancy?
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Reflexive smile - A smile during the first month after birth, usually during sleep.
Social smile - A smile that occurs in response to an interaction. Social smiling occurs as early as 2 months of age. |
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What are the primary emotions in infancy? Give examples.
When do they emerge? |
Primary emotions are emotions that are present in humans and other animals and emerge early in life; examples are surprise, interest, joy, anger, fear, and disgust.
They emerge in the first 6 months of the human infant's development. |
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What are the secondary or "self-conscious emotions" in infancy? Give examples.
When do they emerge? |
Self-conscious emotions are emotions that require self-awareness, specially consciouness and a sense of "me"; examples are jealousy, empathy, and ambarrassment.
They usually emerge around the second half of the first year through the second year. |
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What is a sequential research study?
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It is a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. It starts with a cross-sectional design and then follows up with each age group longitudinally.
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In longitudinal studies, age changes may be confounded with what other kids of differences?
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Time of Measurement differences
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In cross-sectional studies, age differences may be confounded with what other kinds of differences?
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Cohort differences
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Which studies reveal age differences, and which reveal age changes?
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Age differences - cross-sectional
Age changes - longitudinal |
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What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research studies?
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Cross-sectional research study - simultaneously compares individuals of different ages. One time.
Longitudinal - The same individuals are studied over a long period of time. |
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What is the strength and weakness of the experimental method?
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It can establish cause & effect relations between variables.
Weakness is that it may not work in the real world & dows not rule out reverse relationship. |
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What is the difference between an independent and a dependent variable?
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Independent variable - a manipulated, influential, experimental factor (potential cause ) IV (I Vary)
Dependent variable - a factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable. DV (what you measure) |
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What is the difference between an experimental and control group?
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Experimental group - is a group whose experience is manipulated.
Control group - (serves as baseline) a comparison group that is much like the experimental group as possible and that is treated in every way like the experimentl group except for the manipulated factor. |
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What can an experimental study determine that a correlational study cannot?
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Cause & effect
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What is strength and weakness of the correlational method?
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It can be applied in natural settings, can be used to study issues that cannot be studied experimentally. It can show relationships.
Weakness is that it can't prove cause & effect relations between variables. |
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What is meant by a positive or negative correlationship?
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A positive correlation means a relation between the 2 variables.
A negative correlation means an inverse relation between the 2 variables. |
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What is a correlations coefficient? What is its range?
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How strong or weak a realtionship can be between 2 variables. It ranges from +1.00 to -1.00
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What is the goal of correlational research?
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Looks at the strength in relationships. Do they relate? How they are related (e.g. Does playing vido games co-relate to violent play on the playground?)
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What is the goal of descriptive research?
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Observe and record behavior
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What is a case study?
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An in-depth look at a single individual (like Freud with his patients).
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What is meant by a standardized test?
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A test with uniform procedures for administering and scoring.
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What is the difference between laboratory and naturalistic observation?
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Laboratory observation - observation in a controlled setting where many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.
Naturalist observation - observation in real-world settings, making no effort to manipulate or control the situation. |
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Brofenbrenner's ecological theory of development consists of what 5 systems?
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1) microsystem
2) mesosystem 3) exosystem 4) macrosystem 5) chronosystem |
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John Bowlby's phases of infant attachment are part of what general theory?
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Ethological meta-theory
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Ethological theory stresses that behavior is influenced by what 3 factors?
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1) biology
2) evolution 3) critical or sensitive periods |
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What is "child directied speech"?
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Language spoken in a higher pitch than normal with simple words and sentences.
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What is the Interactionist or Contextual view of how language develops?
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Biological and evironmental influences are very important in the development of competent language.
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What is the Behaviorist evironmental perspective on how language develops?
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All behavior is learned from environment.
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What is Noam Chomsky's Maturational perspective of how language develops?
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Humans are prewired to learn language at a certain time and in a certain way. we have a Language Acquisiton Device (LAD)
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What is the difference between babbling and an infant's first word? When do they typically occur?
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Babbling - usually occus in the middle of the first year, it is a combination of consonant-vowel, conbinations such as "ba,ba, ba"
First word - Usually occurs around 13 mos. "cookie" might mean, "that's a cookie" or "I want a cookie" |
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What is the difference between two-word utterances and telegraphic speech?
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Two word utturances - conveys meaning with just 2 words, child relies heavily of gesture, tone and context. (e.g. "see doggie")
Telegraphic speech - Short and precise words |
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What is the difference between semantics and syntax?
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Semantics - The meaning of words and sentences.
Syntax - The ways words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences. |
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What do we mean by language?
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A form of communication, whether spoken, written, or signed, that is based on a system of symbols.
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Which measure of infant development is correlated with measures of intelligence in older children? What does this test measure?
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The Fagan Test
It measures an infant's intelligence based on how much time they spend looking at a new item versus the time they spend looking at a familiar one. It measures habituation and dishabituation |
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When can infants imitate another's facial expression?
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Within a few days after birth.
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What is deferred imitation, and when does it develop?
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It is imitation that occurs after a delat of hours or days. It develops at about 9 mos.
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What is implicit and explicit memory?
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implicit - Memory without consious recollection involves skills and routines that are automatically performed.
explicit - Memory of facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state. |
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What is attention and joint attention?
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attention - The focusing of mental resources on select information
joint attention - then individual focus on the same object and an ability to track another's behavior is present, or individual directs another's attention, and reciprocal interaction is present. |
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What is the "internalization of schems" in the 6th sensorimotor substage?
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Piaget's final substage, it develops between 18-24mos. Infant develops ability to use language. (Piaget's daughter learned to open matchox by mimicking the process with opening and closing of her mouth.)
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What is the A - not - B in infancy? (AB error)?
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Error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (a) rather than the new hiding place (b) as they progress int substage 4 in Piaget's sensorimotor stage.
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What is the development of object permanence in infancy?
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Understanding that objects and events continue to exist, even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or toughed.
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What is primary circular reaction?
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A scheme based on the attempt to reproduce an event that initially occured by change. Main focus is still on the infant's body (1-4 mos)
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What is secondary circular reaction?
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The third sensorimotor substage. Infants move beyond self to focus on environment (4-8 mos.)
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What is tertiary circular reactions?
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Infant become intrigued by the many things they can make happen. They experiment with environment (12-18mos)
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What kind of intelligence or "know-how" are infants born with in the first sensorimotor substage?
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Simple reflexes like rooting, sucking, and grasping reflexes.
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What did Piaget mean by the following terms?
Schemes Organization Equilibration Assimilation Accomodation |
Schemes - cognitive framework by which we make sense of the world.
Organization - Organizing of our experiences and information to make better sense of the world. Equilibration - A balance between what you know and the mysteries of the world around you. Assimilation - using existing schemes to deal with new information or experiences. Accomodation - Piagetian concept of adjusting schemes to fit new information and experiences. |
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What kind of attachment in relation to the infant's behavior in "The Strange Situation" observational measure?
Secure Attachment |
When in presence of caregiver, infants explore room, examine toys. When stranger comes in, baby is ok. When caregiver departs, infant might mildly protest, and when caregiver returns, infant reestablishes positive interaction with her.
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What kind of attachment in relation to the infant's behavior in "The Strange Situation" observational measure?
Insecure Avoidant Attachment |
Infant shows insecurity by avoiding caregiver, infant explores room, is o.k. when stranger comes in, and is not distressed when caregiver leaves the room. They usually don't reestablish contact with caregiver upon her return and may ever turn their bak on her. If contact is established, infant usually leans away or looks away.
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What kind of attachment in relation to the infant's behavior in "The Strange Situation" observational measure?
Insecure Resistant Attachment |
Infant often clings to caregiver & resists her by fighting against the closeness, low level of exploration, when caregive leaves infant is highly distressed, upon her return caregiver attempts to comfort infant and infant pushes away and cries loudly.
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What kind of attachment in relation to the infant's behavior in "The Strange Situation" observational measure?
Insecure Disorganized Attachment |
Infant is disorganized and disoriented. May appear dazed, confused and fearfu. They show extreme fearfulness around the caregiver, distressed at reunion.
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What is The Strange Situation?
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An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order.
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According to Bowlby, what is the relationship between biology and attachment?
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In times of danger, it keeps the child safe, It brings the caregiver to the infant or vice versa if the infant is able. In regular times, the child feels safe. It allows exploration of the environment and play. In primal times it was about survival.
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What is attachment?
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A strong bond of affection with apartner or from a parent & child.
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What is social referencing? How does it relate to infancy?
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A term used to describe "reading" of emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation. In infancy an infant may look at mom when he/she is about to do something to see what kind of reaction the mom gives.
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When does self-recognition in a mirror emerge in infancy?
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At approximately 18 mos.
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What is "goodness of fit" in relation to parenting and infant temperament?
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Match between a child's temperament and parenting style.
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How are twin and adoption studies related to the nature versus nurture issue?
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To sort out hereditary and environmental influences on development.
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What are 3 central issues regarding human development?
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1) Nature and Nurture
2) Continuity and discontinuity 3) Stability and change |
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What is the definition of life-span development?
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Starts at conception and goes across the life-span of the person.
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Development involves the interaction of what 3 processes?
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1) Nature
2) Nurture 3) Active aware individual |
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What is the traditional view of development?
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Starts at birth and goes through Adolescence.
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