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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Accommodation
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occurs when the information does not fit any existing schema or challenges
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Age-Graded
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every culture has designated roles or activities based on age, such as naming ceremonies for infants, puberty rituals, and ages at which a person begins formal schooling, gets a driver license, or retires
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Assimilation
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means taking in information as it is incorporting that new knowledge into an exisiting framework
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Behaviorist
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Do not view development as occuring indicrete stages. They focus enterily on the nurture or environement, side of nature-nurture debate and consider development as a more continous process
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Case Study
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sometimes one individual is observed very closely, given surveys, or interviewed, and the information is discussed in a case study report.
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Chronosystem
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The pattern of events that unfold over chronological age, including the historical and social context.
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Classical Conditioning
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Discovered by accident by Ivan Pavlov- He found that after he had fed the dogs a number of times, they would begin to salivate as soon as he entered the room, anticipating that he would feed them.
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Cognitive Development
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Refers to the concept of intelligence as well as the specific aspects of our thinking processes such as moral reasoning, language development, memory skills and the ability to learn, read, write or do math.
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Cohort Differences
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Studying people over time (longitudinally) accounts for cohort differences that arise from the unique sociocultural factors to which people of different generations are exposed.
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Confounding variables
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are things that might affect the result in unanticipated ways or that were not controlled for in the design of the experiment.
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Conscious
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Some information is readily available to us and is thus in the conscious mind
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Continuity
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Theorists believe that development is the resul of gradual and cumulative change overh the entire life span
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Controlled experiments
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are done in a laboratory setting where much greater control over extraneous variables can take place
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Correlational
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Which means that the variables are related, but you can not sya whether one caused the other
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Cross-sectional
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Groups can be studied at only one point in time
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Data analysis
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refers to statistical procedures that are done to make sense of the findings of a study
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Defense mechanisms
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our egos must defend us from daily assaults
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Dependent variables
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are the outcome measures of interest, such as the score on the math test after having special instruction
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Descriptive research
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is also called correlational which means that the variables are related, but you can not say whether one caused the other
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Descriptive statistics
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Include means, medians, modes, frequencies, and simple correlations.
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Development
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refers to changes that occur overtime, across the entire life span
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Discontinuity
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Theorists believe that development occurs in discrite, identifiable stages
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Ecological Theory
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Refers to the idea that behavior is largely influenced by biological factors, particularly behaviors that have developed over time (evolutionary)
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ego
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is centered on the reality principle and starts to develop in infancy
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Ethology
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Sociobiology has come to mean much the same
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Exosystem
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the world that is not quite as close to the individual
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Field Experiment
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the observation takes place in a natural setting, but there is some manipulation or control over variables, such as giving some children special math instruction and others the usual math instruction, then observing their scores on a math test.
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Hierarchy of Human needs
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Perspective on human learning by Maslow- He proposed that physical needs, like huner and thirst, and emotional needs, like feeling safe and secure, must be met before the child is ready for academic/cognitive tasks.
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History-graded
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Each generation (age cohort) is influenced by the historical events that occur in their lifetime
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Humanistic Theories
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Stress that people can take control over their own behavior and are not merely pawns of reinforcement or driven by genetic factors
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Hypothesis
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A research question based on some theoretical perspective
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Id
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is centered on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain and is present at birth
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Independent variables
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are the ones that are manipulated by the experimenter, such as the type of math instruction
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Inferential statistics
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are used to determine if there is a significant different between two or more scores, or to determine if some score could occur just by chance
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Informed consent
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completely understanding what one is consenting to
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Longitudinal
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groups can be studied at many different times
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Macrosystem
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consists of the dominant ideology (attitudes and beliefs of a culture reflected in its educational, legal, religious
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Mesosystem
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looks at how the structures in the microsystem intersect and interact with each other
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Microsystem
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the structures that imping on the individual every day, such as family, school, peers, and close neighbors
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Moral reasoning
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refers to the way that people use cognitive processes to solve ethical dilemmas
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Multidimensional
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physical, cognitive, emotional personality
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Naturalistic observation
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involve watching people in their natural settings, such as at a daycare center, a school, or a workplace, and recording information about how people behave
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Non-normative
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There are many events that are not universal or even widespread, but can have significant influence on person's development
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Operant conditioning
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differs from classical in that no reflexive behavior is required. Instead, people are reinforced for certain behaviors.
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Physical Growth
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Includes the development of human organs in the prenatal period, the growth in size and changes in functioning that occur in child hood and adolescence, and then the declines and alterations in functioning that occur with more advanced aging
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Pre-conscious
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is the intermediary between the unconscious and conscious minds
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Psychodynamic Theories
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Originated with Freud, and they focus on the idea that we have an "unconscious" mind that contains emotionally charged memories of early life experiences.
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Psychosocial theory
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Focuses more on non-sexual crises or turning points that occur throughout the entire life span
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Scientific method
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involves formulating a hpothesis
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Self-actualized
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a person who has all needs met
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Self-efficacy
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the study of how people come to believe that they are competent or likely to succeed at different kinds of tasks
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Sequential design
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A combination of cross sectional and longitudinal designs
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Social/emotional development
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encompasses temperament, personality, and socialization into a particular cultural group
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Superego
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is the conscience; it tells the person what s/he should or should not do
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Unconscious
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Only available through hypnosis
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Nature people say all things are genetically determined
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Nature vs. Nurture
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What is the best way to get information about large groups of college students wexual habits?
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Survey
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What is the main problem with experiments?
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They do not mirror real life because they are control
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What is the type of study used to determin how five year old children change how they think as they get older?
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Longitudinal
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A five year old child plans on his own to do something. What is he in?
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Initiative vs. Guilt
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At what age is a person in identity vs. role confusion stage?
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adolescence
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What is the stage that early adulthood stage persons in?
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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An older adult looks back on his life and whishes he had done things better. What stage is he in?
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Integrity vs. Despair
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Two students are talking to each other during a college lecture. The professor stops lecturing and stares at the student until they stop. What is this reinforcement?
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Negative reinforcement (operant conditioning)
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Who thought that: Differ in person relationship to family and culture?
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Erikson
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Group of people with different ages but similar in other ways compared
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Cross sectional
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Combination of cross sectional and longitudal where different age groups are studied over long period of time
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Sequential research
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Information collected from number of people by questionaires
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Survey
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Variables of scientific experiments
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Dependant/independant
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Might change as result of change or adding independant varibale in experiment
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Denpendant variable
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Group born within few years same historical and social conditions
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Cohort effects
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Originated psycohanalytic theory, oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
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Freud
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Adulthood is stable with transitional periods
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Levinson
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Added onto Erickson theory, used longitudinal studies in career consolidation
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Valliant
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Operant conditioning (pos/neg reinforcement)
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Skinner
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Reciprocal determinism
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Banduras
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Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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Piaget
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Apprenticeship in thinking, and zone of proximal development
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Vygotsky
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Language advances thinking through private speech
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Zone of proximal development
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Systemic body of testable theories that can be verified or refuted
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The science of lifespan development
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A major strenght of __________ theory is its framework for explaining environmental influences on development.
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Ecological
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