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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does eukaryotic mean? |
cells containing a nucleus |
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What does the nucleus do? |
controls the activities of the cell and passes on genetic traits |
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What are the parts of the nucleus? |
nucleolus: in the center of the nucleus, makes protein and RNA (ribosomes) nuclear envelope: double lipid membrane enclosing the nucleus nuclear pore: a pore in outer/inner membrane to transfer select materials in and out of cell nucleoplasm: fluid between nucleolus and nuclear envelope; site of synthesis of RNA and DNA chromatin threads: in nucleoplasm, made of DNA and proteins chromosomes are created when chromatin condenses |
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What are ribosomes? |
they make proteins, float in cytoplasm, or attach to rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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What are vesicles? |
moves materials within a cell has a membrane |
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What is the Golgi complex (or apparatus)? |
takes materials from the cell, syntheses them, and transports them out of the cell proteins come from the nucleus in vesicles to the Golgi complex then are transformed into the necessary shape and sometimes combined with lipids or carbohydrates |
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What is the cytoskeleton? |
helps shape and support the cell |
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What does smooth endoplasmic reticulum do? |
produces lipids, cholestrol, etc also important in breaking down toxins |
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What is the mitochondria? |
generates energy (ATP); has own DNA |
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What are vacuoles? |
large in plants for storage of water small, numerous in animals storage, digestion, and waste removal |
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What is cytosol? |
liquid in a cell mostly water, but contains solutes (floating molecules) |
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What is the cell membrane? |
defines the cell by acting as a barrier; determines what is allowed to enter an exit |
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What parts are unique to a plant cell? |
cell wall - hard outer covering; support, structure, shape chloroplasts - uses sun energy to make sugar (food for plant) one large vacuole |
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What parts are unique to an animal cell? |
lysosome: breaks down waste material |
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Describe prokaryotic cells. |
no nucleus or organelles ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall, DNA (circular chromosome), plasma membrane old, simple, single-celled bacteria |
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What is homeostasis? |
ability to adjust to environmental changes to maintain equilibrium insulin and glucagon |
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What is transcription? |
synthesis of RNA (from information provided by DNA) |
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What is translation? |
decoding of mRNA used to fabricate protein happens after transcription |
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Compare haploid to diploid. |
Haploid: contains half the genetic material (23 of 46 chromosomes), meiosis, reproductive cells Diploid: contain a full set of genetic material (46/46), mitosis, skin and blood |
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Explain enzymes. |
catalysts in a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy end in "ase" |
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What is metabolism? |
all chemical reactions that take place in a living organism; convert nutrients to energy and macromolecules |
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What are the four basic organic macromolecules (created from anabolic reactions)? |
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids |
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What is an anabolic reaction? |
builds larger more complex molecules (macromolecules); requires energy |
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What is a catabolic reaction? |
breaks down larger molecules into smaller, simpler molecules; releases energy |
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What are the 4 basic building blocks of catabolic reactions? |
glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides |
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What are proteins? |
macromolecules formed from amino acids |
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What is a condensation reaction? |
loss of water when two molecules are joined |
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What is a hydrolysis reaction? |
water is added to molecules when they are joined |
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What is chemiosmosis related to? |
energy is made available for ADP to form ATP |
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What is glycolysis? |
breakdown of glucose to produce energy and pyruvic acids |
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What are monosaccharides? |
simple sugars, carbohydrates have one monomer of sugar glucose, fructose |
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What are saccharides? |
carbohydrates made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
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What are disaccharides? |
simple sugars, carbohydrates two monosaccharides react sucrose, lactose, maltose |
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What are polysaccharides? |
complex sugars, carbohydrates too big to escape from cell starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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What is the Krebs cycle? |
a catabolic (large to small reaction) pathway in which the bonds of glucose (and occasionally lipids) are broken down and reformed into ATP |
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What is fermentation? |
process (that does not require oxygen) that converts carbohydrates to acids, gases, or alcohols lactic acid, yeast, alcohol, yogurt |
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Describe the DNA structure. |
double helix, twisted, compact made of nucleotides (pentose sugar) the side rails (backbone) consists of covalently bonded sugar and phosphate; connected with hydrogen bonds so easily dismantled for replication Adenine pairs with Thymine (2 bonds); cytosine pairs with guanine (3 bonds) |
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Describe RNA. |
made of ribose sugar (not deoxyribose like DNA) single strand of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil supports functions carried out by DNA |
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Describe codons. |
a sequence of three nucleotides; one unit of DNA or RNA start codon AUG stop codons UAA UGA or UAG |
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What is translocation? Give an example of a disorder caused by translocation. |
a genetic mutation where one piece of a chromosome is transferred to another chromosome Down syndrome |
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What are Mendel's laws? (2) |
law of segregation (two alleles and half are contributed by each parent organism) law of independent assortment (traits are not influenced by other traits unless they are linked traits) |
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What is Punnett square? |
table with one parent's traits as columns, other as rows and show possible phenotypes (combinations) also uses dominant and recessive genes to determine outcome |
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What is a gene? |
a portion of DNA that identifies how traits are expressed and passed on |
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What is genotype? |
all genes of an individual including recessive genes that are not expressed |
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What is a phenotype? |
observable characteristics of an individual from interaction of genotype with environment your actual physical characteristics |
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What is an allele? |
on of multiple possible forms of a gene the different colors of eye color are alleles |
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What is co-dominance? |
expression of both alleles (red, white, or red/white) |
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What is incomplete dominance? |
expression of a mixture of genes (re, white, or pink) |
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What is linkage? |
characteristics that are on the same chromosome like colorblindness being sex-linked (more common in males) |
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Describe the four blood types and which are recessive and dominant |
A, B, AB, O O is recessive, AB is co-dominant, and A & B are dominant |
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What is punctuated equilibrium? |
contrasted with gradualism (slow progression of change in species) stages of stasis (no change) then brief periods (hundreds of thousands of years) of rapid change |
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What are the three types of evolution? |
divergent: two species that become different over time convergent: two species that start out fairly different but overtime become more similar parallel: two species who are not similar and do not become more or less similar |
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What is adaptive radiation? |
species have a common ancestor but adapt based on their environments through natural selection |
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How old is Earth? |
about 4.5 billion years old |
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What is endosymbiotic theory? |
eukaryotic cells developed from prokaryotic cells chloroplasts in plant cells and mitochondria in animal cells are derived from prokaryotic cells |
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What are the five kingdoms? |
Monera - prokaryote (bacteria) Protista - eukaryote (algae) Fungi - eukaryote (fungus - mushrooms) Plantae - eukaryote (plants) Animalia - eukaryote (animals) |
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What are the 6 classifications under the kingdoms? |
King - kingdom Phillip - phylum (or division) Came - class Over - order For - family Good - genus Soup - species |
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Tell me about viruses. |
they do not belong to any kingdom because they do not meet the characteristic of a cell (neither eukaryotic or prokaryotic) generally small and simple; macromolecules with long chains of RNA or DNA encased in protein they reproduce by gaining control of host cell and making it produce viral DNA instead of its own they have a head, some have a tail |
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What is respiration in terms of plant processes? |
when plants use food that was produced during photosynthesis |
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What does phylogenetic mean? |
organisms that are related because of their evolutionary history |
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Mitosis vs. Meiosis |
meiosis goes through two splits and results in haploids (gametes) mitosis goes through one split and results in diploids https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba9LXKH2ztU |
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What are the four main tissues of animals? |
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What are the 11 major organ systems? |
skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, skin, excretory, immune, endocrine, and reproductive |
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What does the skeletal system consist of? (2) |
bones and joints |
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What does the nervous system include? (3) What does the nervous system also control? |
brain, spinal cord, nerves breathing and heartbeat (involuntary muscles) |
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What does the circulatory system include? (3) |
heart, blood, blood vessels |
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What are different types of blood vessels? Describe them. (3) |
veins/venules - to the heart (oxygen depleted) arteries/arterioles - from the heart to the body (carries oxygen) capillaries - connected to arterioles; nutrients go to tissue, waste goes back into venules |
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What are the three layers of skin? Describe them. |
epidermis (thin, outermost, waterproof layer) dermis (sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicules) subcutaneous (connective tissue, fat tissue, nerves, arteries, veins) |
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What does the small intestine do? Large intestine? |
transports molecules to the circulatory system absorbs nutrients and prepares waste |
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What does the endocrine system control? |
hormones |
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What are the four parts of the excretory system? What does it do? |
kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra maintains the amount of fluid in the body; helps remove wastes from bloodstream through urine (and helps with solid waste) |
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What is systolic and diastolic blood flow? |
systolic is when heart muscle contracts to pump blood out diastolic is when the heart muscle relaxes and blood flows back in |
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What is mutualism? |
a relationship where both organisms benefit |
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What is competition? |
a relationship where both organisms are harmed |
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What is parasitism? |
a relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed |
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What is altruism? |
when one species or individual exhibits behaviors that benefit another individual at a cost to itself (voluntarily or involuntarily) especially effecting reproduction and survival |
