Life Science / Dna

Front 1

TAXONOMY

Back 1

classification of organisms into universally accepted taxons; name reflect the organism's evolutionary heritage

Hint 1

Biological Classification System

Front 2

What is the code for remembering the 8 levels of "taxonomy" / classification of organisms

Back 2

KPCOFGS "King Phillip Commands Order For Governing Simply."

Hint 2

Biological Classification System

Front 3

What are the eight levels of taxonomy?

Back 3

DOMAIN, KINGDOM (really really big), PHYLUM (divisions used for plants and fungi), CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS (general if more than one), SPECIES (very very specific)

Hint 3

DKPCOFGS "Dorky King Phillip Commands Order For Governing Simply."

Biological Classification System

Front 4

Binomial Nomenclature

Back 4

Two-word naming system that includes the universally accepted genus and species of each organism; developed by Carolus Linnaeus

Hint 4

Scientists name animals and plants using the system that describes the genus and species of the organism. The first word is the genus and the second is the species. The first word is capitalized and the second is not. A binomial name means that it's made up of two words (bi-nomial). Humans are scientifically named Homo sapiens

Biological Classification System

Front 5

What are the three Domains used in modern classification?

Back 5

The domain EUKARYA is used for all eukaryotic species that include protists, fungi, plants, and animals. The two domains and ARCHEA are used to group two different types of prokaryote organisms. They are in different domains because differences on a molecular level.

Hint 5

Biological Classification System

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Who is Charles Darwin?

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Evolutionary biologist who studied wild life on the Galapagos Islands in the 1800s and wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he explained adaptation and natural selection

Hint 6

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Natural Selection

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process in which individuals of a species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reproduce in their natural environment than others members of the species (survival of the fittest)

Hint 7

(survival of the fittest)

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Front 8

Genes

Back 8

portion of DNA on a chromosome that provides information for an organism's characteristics; genetic blueprint for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell

Hint 8

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Alleles

Back 9

two or more different forms of a certain gene

Hint 9

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Mutations

Back 10

permanent change in DNA sequence

Hint 10

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Adaptation

Back 11

increase from generation to generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their enviroment

Hint 11

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 12

a molecule that exists as a double-stranded helix made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases

Hint 12

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 13

single-stranded molecule made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases; required for the transfer and translation of the DNA code within a cell

Hint 13

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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What is Nucleic Acid?

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chain of nucleotides (are molecule that consist of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base - found in DNA & RNA)

Hint 14

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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Nucleotides

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molecule that consists of a pentrose, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Hint 15

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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Pentose

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type of sugar

Hint 16

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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Phosphate group

Back 17

molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together

Hint 17

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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Nitrogenous base

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molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells

Hint 18

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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What are the five types of nitrogenous bases?

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Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine

Thymine

Uracil

Hint 19

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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What is purines?

Back 20

nitrogenous base with two rings (adenine and guanine)

Hint 20

Nucleic Acid / DNA

Front 21

What is pyrimidines?

Back 21

nitrogenous base with on ring (thymine, cytosine, uracil-RNA)

Hint 21

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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DNA pairs

Back 22

(A) adenine / (T) thymine

(G) guanine / (C) cytosine

Hint 22

hydrogen bond with a hydrogen atom

Nucleic Acid / DNA

Front 23

Which one of the five types of nitrogenous bases are interchangeable in DNA to RNA?

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In RNA, the pyrimidine base of uracil is used instead of the thymine base found in DNA

(RNA single strand of nucleotides)

Hint 23

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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Transcription

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process of cells copying the instruction from the DNA into the RNA

Hint 24

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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Translation

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process of protein reduction from messenger RNA

Hint 25

Nucleic Acid / DNA

Front 26

What are the basic components of the nucleic acids?

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Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus

Hint 26

Nucleic Acid / DNA

Front 27

Indicate whether the following bases are found in DNA only, RNA only, or both DNA & RNA

a) Adenine

b) Cytosine

c) Guanine

d) Thymine

e) Uracil

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DNA contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine bases.

RNA contains adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil bases.

Hint 27

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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Chromosomes

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condensed, single, very long strands of DNA double helix located in the nucleus of a cell and containing hundreds of genes

Hint 28

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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Protein

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compound composed of a large number of amino acids joined in a particular type of chemical bond called a peptide bond

Hint 29

Nucleic Acid / DNA

Front 30

_________ are large structures of DNA that contain the ________, the blueprints for making an individual.

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Chromosomes; Genes

Each chromosome is a single molecule of DNA. Certain areas along this single molecule are transcribed into RNA. This makes them genes.

Hint 30

Nucleic Acid / DNA

Front 31

The central dogma of biology states that _______ gives rise to RNA, which gives rise to protein.

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DNA, found in the cell nucleus, holds the code for protein production; however, it requires the messenger RNA to carry that code out of the nucleus to the ribosomes to complete protein production.

Hint 31

Nucleic Acid / DNA

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What is an Embryo?

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early development of an animal or a plant after fertilization

Hint 32

Cell Differentiation

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What is a Zygote?

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a one-celled organism resulting from the fertilization of an egg

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Cell Differentation

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Stem cells

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can divide and remain undifferentiated; gives rise to a variety of more-specialized cells

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Cell Differentation

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Mitosis

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is the process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell

Hint 35

RNA & DNA involvement in Cell replication

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Interphase

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process that occurs prior to mitosis; occurs when the cell must duplicate its DNA, increase the amount of organelles and cytoplasm, and synthesize protein in preparation for cell division; three stages of interphase are Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2)

Hint 36

RNA & DNA involvement in Cell replication

Front 37

True or False

There are three steps of the cell cycle during interphase.

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True

Hint 37

RNA & DNA involvement in Cell replication

Front 38

Explain briefly how the DNA double helix can be released to allow replication.

Back 38

Enzymes initiate the process of unwinding DNA and releasing the two complementary strands of DNA so DNA polymerase enzymes can duplicate them.

Hint 38

RNA & DNA involvement in Cell replication