Life Science Chapter 3

Front 1

molecules having a carbon skeleton bonded to some hydrogen atoms

Back 1

organic molecules

Front 2

molecules lacking carbon

Back 2

inorganic molecules

Front 3

groups of atoms that help determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecules

Back 3

functional groups

Front 4

name the six most common functional groups found in biological molecules

Back 4

hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate

Front 5

the removal of an H+ and OH- ions between two molecules to form water and create a polymer

Back 5

dehydration synthesis

Front 6

water breaking up two bonded monomers

Back 6

hydrolysis

Front 7

name the four types of biological molecules

Back 7

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleotides/nucleic acid

Front 8

biological molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1

Back 8

carbohydrate

Front 9

carbohydrate that consists of just one sugar molecule

Back 9

monosaccharide

Front 10

two monosaccharides linked together

Back 10

disaccharide

Front 11

many monosaccharides linked togehter

Back 11

polysaccharide

Front 12

the most common monosaccharide/sugar molecule

Back 12

glucose

Front 13

glucose+fructose

Back 13

sucrose

Front 14

glucose+galactose

Back 14

lactose

Front 15

glucose+glucose

Back 15

maltose

Front 16

milk sugar

Back 16

galactose

Front 17

table sugar

Back 17

glucose

Front 18

fruit sugar

Back 18

fructose

Front 19

energy-storage molecule often used by plants

Back 19

starch

Front 20

energy storage molecule often used in animals

Back 20

glycogen

Front 21

most abundant organic molecule on Earth

Back 21

cellulose

Front 22

polysaccharide where glucose subunits bear nitrogen-containing functional group. Stiffens cell walls of many fungi

Back 22

chitin

Front 23

diverse group of molecules that contain regions almost entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrophobic

Back 23

lipids

Front 24

3 major groups of lipids

Back 24

oils, fats, and waxes
phospholipids
steroids

Front 25

1) lipid that only contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 2) contain or more fatty acid. 3) do not have ring structures

Back 25

oils, fats, and waxes

Front 26

lipid used primarily for energy storage. Contain twice as many calories as carbs and proteins

Back 26

fats and oils

Front 27

fats and oils are formed by the linking of 3 fatty acid subunits to one molecule of_____

Back 27

glycerol

Front 28

chemical name of fats and oils

Back 28

triglycerides

Front 29

fatty acids that contain as many hydrogen atoms as possible is described as ______
solid at room temperature

Back 29

saturated

Front 30

fatty acid that contain significantly fewer hydrogens are _____
liquid at room temperature

Back 30

unsaturated

Front 31

similar to fats in humans but animals do not have the enzymes to break this lipid down

Back 31

wax

Front 32

similar to oil but the three fatty acids are connected to a phosphate group rather than glycerol

Back 32

phospholipid

Front 33

lipid composed of four rings of carbon atoms

Back 33

steroid

Front 34

type of steroid found in human brain. Used for sexual hormones.

Back 34

cholesterol

Front 35

molecules composed of one ore more chains of amino acids

Back 35

protein

Front 36

proteins that promote chemical reactions

Back 36

enzymes

Front 37

1) the building blocks of proteins
2) name the 3 different functional groups of this "building block"

Back 37

1) amino acids
2) a.nitrogen-containing amino group. b. carboxylic acid group.
c. R group

Front 38

the covalent bond formed between sulfur atoms of two cysteines in a protein. Typically causes the protein to fold

Back 38

disulfide bonds

Front 39

the bonds found between amino acids

Back 39

peptide bonds

Front 40

the chain of bonded amino acids

Back 40

peptide

Front 41

name the four levels of protein structure

Back 41

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

Front 42

amino acid sequence of a protein. covalent bonds

Back 42

primary structure

Front 43

1) protein structure maintained by hydrogen bonds.
2) name the two "shapes" of this structure

Back 43

1) secondary structure
2) helix and pleated sheet

Front 44

protein structure consisting of folds. Structure of a single peptide chain held in place by disulfide bonds between cysteines

Back 44

tertiary structure

Front 45

protein structure consisting of more than one peptide chains

Back 45

quaternary structure

Front 46

when a protein's secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structures are altered but leaving the primary structure intact

Back 46

denatured

Front 47

1) a subunit that makes up nucleic acids
2) name the two general classes of this subunit

Back 47

1) nucleotide
2) a. Ribose nucleotide
b. deoxyribose nucleotide

Front 48

ribose nucleotide with three phosphate functional groups. Carries energy from place to place within a cell

Back 48

Adenosine triphospate (ATP)

Front 49

long chains of nucleotides

Back 49

nucleic acid

Front 50

polymer of deoxyribose nucleotide

Back 50

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Front 51

long single-stranded chain of ribose nucleotides

Back 51

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Front 52

what is the most common bond in a lipid?

Back 52

non-polar bonds

Front 53

what makes carbohydrates different than the other organic molecules?

Back 53

carbohydrates have a large number of oxygen atoms rather than the other organic molecules that only have hydrogen and carbon