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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a pathogen? What is an infectious disease? How do pathogens cause infectious disease?
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A pathogen is something that causes infectious disease. an infectious disease is a disease that can be spread. Pathogens cause infectious disease by being inside the body and causing harm.
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What are the four kinds of pathogens that cause disease in humans? Describe each one.
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Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists are the four types of pathogen. Viruses hijack cell's reproductive material and kill the cell in the process. Bacteria release toxins that break down cell walls. Fungi grows on skin, causing irritation. Protists cause diseases such as malaria, African sleeping sickness, and amebic dysentery.
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Compare bacteria to viruses. (Include information about size and how they cause disease.)
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Bacteria release toxins that break down cell walls. Viruses are much smaller, and destroy cells while reproducing in them.
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What are four ways that pathogens can infect humans? How can you protect yourself?
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Through an infected person, contaminated object, food or water, infected animal, and soil. You can wash your hands, get vaccines, and not hang around infected people.
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Define toxin and describe its role in disease.
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A toxin is a poison released by bacteria that breaks down the cell walls to destroy the cell.
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What are the four barriers that prevent pathogens from getting into the body? Describe how each of the barriers prevents infections.
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The four barriers that keep pathogens out are the skin, tears, mucus and cilia, and stomach acid, and saliva. The skin cells are so tight together, that a pathogen cannot get through. The mucus and cilia work together to sweep pathogens out of the respiratory system. Stomach acid kills the pathogens that enter the stomach.
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What causes an inflammatory response? How does this response help our body defend against invading pathogens? What role do white blood cells play in this response?
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Pathogens cause the inflammatory response. Blood vessels near the infected area swell to allow more blood to reach the area. White blood cells then seep out of the blood vessel and start eating the bacteria.
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List the cells that are part of the immune system. Using the list make a diagram that shows the steps involved in the immune response.
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Natural Killer Cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cells, memory cells.
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Define the key terms: Phagocyte, T cell, B cell, and Antigen.
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A phagocyte is a white blood cell that eats pathogens, then breaks them down. T cells recognize the antigens on a pathogens body, and B cells produce antibodies which immobilize the pathogen. Antigens are special markers on a pathogen that tell the body that the pathogen does not belong in the body.
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Define active immunity and describe two ways it can be acquired
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Active immunity is when your body has gone through the immune response and created memory cells and antibodies for a certian pathogen. It can be obtained through vaccination or through getting ill from the disease.
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Define passive immunity and describe how it is acquired.
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Passive immunity is when a person receives antibodies that their body does not produce. You can gain passive immunity if you are given the antibodies from someone else. If, for example, the mother of a baby is immune to a pathogen, the immunity is passes on through blood into the baby's body while it is in the womb. You also can get a shot of antibodies.
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Define allergy and describe how the body reacts to the presence of an allergen.
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An allergy is when a person's body over reacts to something that enters the body, such as pollen or dust. Some peoples allergies are relatively mild, such as sneezing, runny noses, and watering eyes. Other peoples allergies are more serious, and cause things such as hives, swelling of wind pipe, and sometimes Serum sickness. When your body encounters an allergen, the phagocytes send out antibodies that signal to cells to produce histamine. Histamine is the chemical that causes the symptoms of allergies.
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What role does insulin play in the body? How does diabetes affect the level of glucose in the blood and in the body?
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Insulin allows the cells in the body to take in glucose. Since diabetes makes it hard for the pancreas to make insulin, your blood sugar goes way up, but the level of sugar in the body goes down.
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What is a cancerous tumor and how does it harm the body?
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A cancerous tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue created by cancerous cells. In the process to make a cancerous tumor, the cancerous cells destroy healthy tissue in the process.
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Define: histamine, asthma, and carcinogen.
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Histamine is the chemical that causes the symptoms of allergies. Asthma is a complication of allergies, and is when breathing passages become significantly narrower, which cause loss of breath. A carcinogen is a substance found in the environment that causes cancer, such as tobacco
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Why do doctors look for cancerous tumors in the lymphatic system when someone is diagnosed with cancer?
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If there is a cancerous tumor in the lymphatic system, the cancer cells could infected the entire body.
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Define: antibiotic, vaccine, and vaccination.
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An antibiotic is a chemical that explodes bacteria without harming the cells. A vaccine has weaken or dead viruses so that the body can go through the immune response to get the memory cells. A vaccination is the process that gives you the vaccine
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Why does passive immunity usually not last for very long?
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Passive immunity doesn’t usually last very long because the doesn't have the memory cells, so it doesn't keep creating more antibodies.
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Compare the difference between HIV and AIDS. How can it be transmitted? What part of the body does HIV attack? Why is it difficult for the body to fight HIV?
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HIV is the virus that causes the disease AIDS. HIV can be transmitted through the mixing of body fluids, sharing hypodermic needles, or through sharing blood. HIV attacks the T cells in the body. It is hard for the body to fight HIV because HIV attacks the immune response itself.
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Identify and describe the two ways that bacteria cause disease.
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Bacteria can kill cells with toxins (which are poisons released by bacteria) by breaking down the cell walls, or bacteria can invade cells directly.
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