Life Sci

Front 1

Humans are responsible for what percent of GHG emissions?

Back 1

40%

Front 2

Overall temperature increase during the 20th century

Back 2

0.8 degrees C

Front 3

What month has a drastic reduction in thickness of ozone layer above Antarctica

Back 3

October

Front 4

System

Back 4

Entity composed of diverse but interrelated parts

Front 5

Couplings

Back 5

link allowing flow of info from one component to the next

Front 6

Perturbation

Back 6

disturbance within system

Front 7

What are the conditions needed for life?

Back 7

Temp: 0-50 degrees C
pH: 4-8
Pressure: 101.3 KPa
water, carbon dioxide and oxygen

Front 8

Xerophile

Back 8

Does not require water to live

Front 9

Live under cold conditions (-15 degrees C)

Back 9

Psychrophile

Front 10

Optimal pressure for growth

Back 10

80MPa

Front 11

Hadean

Back 11

Time from formation of solar system and early accretion of planets

Front 12

Archaean

Back 12

Time from beginning of life followed by Proterozoic

Front 13

Phanerozoic

Back 13

Time since Archaean

Front 14

Overall Reducing Environment

Back 14

Early Atmosphere
Hydrogen, methane, ammonia, water, nitrogen

Front 15

Overall Oxidizing Environment

Back 15

Today's Atmosphere
Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water

Front 16

Chasmoendolithic

Back 16

Living within minerals

Front 17

Stromatolites

Back 17

Organic and sedimentary structures produced by microbial trapping of sediments then binding and precipitation

Front 18

Chloroplasts originated from?

Back 18

Cyanobacteria

Front 19

Mitochondria originated from?

Back 19

Purple Bacteria

Front 20

Detrital Pyrite

Back 20

Fool's gold
Oxidized under O2 atmosphere

Front 21

Building blocks for life to exist

Back 21

Carbon, sulfur, nitrogen

Front 22

Surface pressure, temperature, and atmosphere of Venus

Back 22

Surface pressure: 9000kPa
Surface temperature: 480 degrees C
Atmosphere: a lot of CO2 and sulphuric acid

Front 23

Job of plate tectonics

Back 23

Regulate composition of atmosphere by cycling of gases

Front 24

What is Europa and significance?

Back 24

One of Jupiter's moons- has pressure and temperature comparable to Earth

Front 25

When did a massive increase then collapse in biodiversity occur?

Back 25

250 MYA

Front 26

Rate of change in number of species

Back 26

Origination rate - extinction rate

Front 27

How many new species originate each year?

Back 27

10-25
same with number of species that disappear each year

Front 28

Siberian Trap

Back 28

Heating of coal bed leads to rapid build up of CO2 in atmosphere- increased temperatures

Front 29

What occurs after a bolide impact

Back 29

All ozone would be destroyed
At first cooling: lot of sulfur released in atmosphere-photosynthesis would stop and plants would die
After: warming- higher levels of CO2 in atmosphere

Front 30

Snowball Earth

Back 30

During Neoprotozoic: 850-550 MYA
All continents near Equator and almost entirely frozen

Front 31

Precession Cycle

Back 31

Long-term changes in tilt - increased tilting causes more solar radiation
Varies over period of 41,000 years

Front 32

Perhelion

Back 32

close to the sun

Front 33

Aphelion

Back 33

Far from sun

Front 34

Milankovich Theory

Back 34

Ice grows in NH when summer insolation is low- ice sheets at poles lead to cooling of oceans

Front 35

Glacial Intervals occur how often with what temperatures?

Back 35

100,000 years
-6 degrees C

Front 36

Climate Proxies

Back 36

Climate archives that contain indicators of past climate

Front 37

Biotic Proxies

Back 37

Indication of the ecology of the past
Pollen can be gathered from sediments and used to look at more recent times

Front 38

Sunspot Cycle

Back 38

11-year cycle

Front 39

Eccentricity

Back 39

More ellipsoid circle causes us to receive less radiation on the left and more at the right- changes in eccentricity

Front 40

Precession Cycle

Back 40

Long-term changes in tilt
Varies over period of 41,000 years

Front 41

The distribution of temperature and precipitation in a particular region determine

Back 41

Total amount of organic matter (biomass)
Dominant vegetation types
Associated organisms

Front 42

Desert areas receive less than ___cm of rain per year

Back 42

25

Front 43

Plants lose carbon through what

Back 43

Oxidation and Decomposition

Front 44

Primary Succession

Back 44

Leads to changes in types and distribution of plants in an area
Areas previously covered by glaciers and ice sheets have exposed rock and vegetation colonizes - first mosses then more complex plants

Front 45

Secondary Succession

Back 45

An established ecosystem is disturbed (wildfire) then grasses will recolonize environment and gradually return area to forest- faster than primary

Front 46

Ecological Restoration

Back 46

Process of assisting the recovery of damaged, degraded or destroyed ecosystems

Front 47

Bioremediation

Back 47

Use of biological agents, such as bacteria or plants, to remove or neutralize contaminants, as in polluted soil or water

Front 48

Geobacter

Back 48

Microbe that is abundant in soils
Biodegrades organic contaminates and iron

Front 49

BTEX

Back 49

benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes
Most often encountered contaminants in terms of groundwater contamination

Front 50

Hg (0)

Back 50

Mercury emitted in its elemental form
Most abundant form of mercury in the atmosphere
Atmospheric life: 0.5-1 year

Front 51

Hg (II)

Back 51

Anthropogenic source of mercury
Divalent mercury

Front 52

Hg (P)

Back 52

Anthropogenic source of mercury
Mercury associated with particulate matter
Shorter atmospheric lifetime than Hg(0)

Front 53

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Back 53

Objective:
assess contribution of ecosystems to human well-being

Front 54

Ecological Footprint

Back 54

Amount of hectare that is used per individual per year to sustain standard of living