Life Sci 2

Front 1

Somatic

Back 1

cells with pairs of chromosomes

Front 2

Gametic

Back 2

cells with one chromosome

Front 3

Diploid

Back 3

pairs of chromosomes

Front 4

haploid

Back 4

not pairs of chromosomes

Front 5

alleles

Back 5

different forms of the same gene

Front 6

phenotype

Back 6

the differences we can see

Front 7

genotype

Back 7

the gene differences

Front 8

autosomal

Back 8

22 of 23 chromosomes. lots of genes on each and they have nother to do with the gender of the organism

Front 9

sex chromosomes

Back 9

the 23rd chromosome whos main point is to deterimin the gender of the organism

Front 10

genes

Back 10

specific portions of DNA which determine set characteristics

Front 11

mitosis

Back 11

one parent creates two exactly the same daughter cells

Front 12

meiosis

Back 12

one parent creates one daught with have the chromosomes

Front 13

dominant

Back 13

the trait that will be shown

Front 14

recessive

Back 14

trait is hidden and usually will only be shown if both genes are recessive

Front 15

homozygous

Back 15

same form of a trait

Front 16

heterozygous

Back 16

different elleles on one gene

Front 17

heterozygote superiority

Back 17

when the heterozygous form of the gene is better

Front 18

principle of segregation

Back 18

says that each individual basically carries pairs of genes for each trait, during gamete formation the pairs always separate

Front 19

law of independent assortment

Back 19

alleles of different genes assort independently if those genes are on different pairs of homologous chromoomes

Front 20

modes for diverisity

Back 20

crossing over(recombination), mutation, incomplete dominance, Co-dominance, pleiotrophy, polygenic ingeritance, sex-linked traits, environmental influences

Front 21

crossing over

Back 21

Recombination- genes swap places in the tetrad condition, they don't change loci, is very common but doesn't happen at every time

Front 22

tetrad condition

Back 22

4 potential chromosomes

Front 23

mutation

Back 23

doesn't always effect the parent but can be passed on to offspring

Front 24

frame shift mutation

Back 24

nucleotide added or deleted which can alter the protein's appearance

Front 25

point mutation

Back 25

substitutes a nucleotide resulting in either miss-sense mutation or nonsense mutation

Front 26

miss-sense mutation

Back 26

the protein might not function or it will at least be less effient

Front 27

nonsense mutation

Back 27

creates a stop codon that makes the protein useless.

Front 28

incomplete dominance

Back 28

one allele is not completely dominant over the recessive allele (white and red flowers can make pink)

Front 29

co-dominance

Back 29

possibility for different alleles to be equally dominant (blood types are equal)

Front 30

pleiotrophy

Back 30

protein produced through translation of RNA influences more than one trait, more often unlinked traits, only involves one gene

Front 31

Polygenic Inheritance

Back 31

one trait can be affected by more than one gene (eye color takes around 8 different genes on 5 different chromosomes)

Front 32

sex-linked traits

Back 32

traits that come along with the X or the Y chromosomes, X has more info on it (color blindness)

Front 33

environmental influences

Back 33

can dictake the phenotype

Front 34

importance of variation

Back 34

concept of chance that help species over time

darwin thought variation was important for the species to persist generation to generation

acquired characteristics are not ingeritable because it doesn't change the genetic make up

Front 35

Latent variability

Back 35

traits that are hiddin aka recessive trait

Front 36

things that promote variability

Back 36

sexual reproduction and outdreeding

Front 37

sexual reproduction

Back 37

two parents which give equal genetic make up which promotes diversity because there can be more mutation

Front 38

outbreeding

Back 38

mating with individuals that are not related to the other organism

Front 39

Natural selection

Back 39

have certain characteristics that allow for survival, looks at the whole phenotype

Front 40

artificial selection

Back 40

selective breeding- when organisms are breed to get offspring with specific phenotypical attributes

often gets ride of latent possibilites which limits the organism in the future

Front 41

Hybridization

Back 41

two different species breed and form a hybrid, these hybrids typically sterile and thus not found in nature

Front 42

genetic manipulation

Back 42

may helpwith potentially creating fertile hybrids

Front 43

Charles Darwin's five main points of evolutionary theory

Back 43

organisms come from other organisms via reproduction; chance variatations among individuals occur ofen and some are inheritable, these changes allow for new species; the number of offspring that survive is small; the variation that give a slight edge enable the organism to leave behind more offspring thus natural selection; with time natural selection leads to differeiate groups of organisms

Front 44

microevolution

Back 44

changes within a species

Front 45

macroevolution

Back 45

changes within two different taxonomic groups

Front 46

natural selection

Back 46

differential rates of reproduction with different genotypes lead to certain groups being more successful, the success depend on adaptations and environmental characteristics

Front 47

balanced polymorphism

Back 47

different traits will be roughly the same proportianity

Front 48

Clines

Back 48

grated variations in a trait, same species but look different, have access to each other

Front 49

ecotypes

Back 49

particular species could live in many different habitats and look slightly different but still the same species, they have no geographical access to each other

Front 50

different types of selection

Back 50

stabilizing, disruptive, and directional

Front 51

stabilizing selection

Back 51

the chance a trait will be passed on is bell shaped (ex birds lay 5-6 eggs because the extremely will lead to less eggs hatching)

Front 52

disruptive selection

Back 52

when the exteme forms of a trait are favored (salmon males will be either large or small)

Front 53

directional selection

Back 53

one extreme form of the trait is favored but not the other but this switches due to environmental changes (moth colors)

Front 54

Evolution as Progess?

Back 54

it was thought species became more complex as time went one but this is not true, in reality organsims will have the phenotypes that best suit it to live in the current environment

Front 55

Divergent

Back 55

when a population becomes geographically separated from its self the different environmental needs can lead to them becomeing different species

Front 56

Convergence

Back 56

when different species live in the same area they can form the same penotypes and will look the same while staying to species

Front 57

Coevolution

Back 57

two populations that are dependant on each other when one changes the other will also change

Front 58

commensal relationships

Back 58

one organisms benefits and the other is nuetral

Front 59

Mutual relatoinship

Back 59

both benefit, they don't have to live together but choose to

Front 60

truly symbiotic

Back 60

both benefit and they cannot live without each other

Front 61

parasitic

Back 61

guest benefits and the host is harmed a small amount

Front 62

Mimicry

Back 62

two organisms are so penotypically similar that a predator cannot tell which one is edible and which one isn't

Front 63

predator-prey relationship

Back 63

a large change in one will result in a change in the other

Front 64

competetive interactions

Back 64

when two organsims have to compete for for something

Front 65

Sexual dimorphism

Back 65

males and females look different

Front 66

sexual selection

Back 66

females access and then select which male to mate with

Front 67

nonrandom mating

Back 67

a result of sexual selection because females pick their mates that will make their offspring more likely to reproduce

Front 68

courtship disply

Back 68

when the male works to impress the female into mating with him

Front 69

population genetics

Back 69

there are lots of hidden allelic forms that stay latent within the species

Front 70

population

Back 70

interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species

Front 71

species

Back 71

organisms that can come together and create viable offspring

Front 72

gene pool

Back 72

the sum total of alleles within a population

Front 73

fitness

Back 73

the relative number of offspring for an individual within a population

Front 74

what causes changes in the gene pool?

Back 74

natural selection; mutation; gene flow; genetic shift

Front 75

gene flow

Back 75

alleles move in and out of populations in predictable secences

Front 76

genetic drift

Back 76

changes in the gene pool that are totally by chance

Front 77

population bottleneck

Back 77

animal populations decrease due to circumstances outside their control. if it leaves a group that is representative of the whole population then the population will be rebuilt if not it will be a very different population

Front 78

founder effect

Back 78

when a latent allele becomes either common or disapears from a population, leads to variation problems

Front 79

greek ideas of evolution

Back 79

anaximander and aristotle

Front 80

linnaeus

Back 80

came up with classification system

Front 81

erasmus darwin

Back 81

different species have connections and look similair because of their connectedness

Front 82

the geologists

Back 82

hutton, smith, cuvier, agassiz

Front 83

the big three

Back 83

lyell, c. darwin, wallace plus t. malthus

Front 84

lyell

Back 84

darwin's mentor

Front 85

wallace

Back 85

his thoughts were similair to darwin so darwin had to hurry

Front 86

malthus

Back 86

came up with natural selection