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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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digestive enzyme that breaks lactose into glucose and galactose
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lactase
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(vasopressin) produced by pituitary gland
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ADH
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amount of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride kidneys must filter
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renal solute load
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amount of a dietary nutrient that is actually digested/absorbed
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bioavailability
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prenatal, perinatal (around the time of birth), neonatal (1-28 days), postnatal
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stages of infancy
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weight, length, body composition, body proportions
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anthropometrics
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increases 50% by 1 yr, can "catch up" or "lag down"
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length
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immediate loss of 6-10% body weight not uncommon, double by 4 mo, triple by 1 yr, gain is rapid but decelerates over the first year
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body weight
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immature (stomach is small: 10-12 ml capacity), empties in 2.5-3 hrs, small frequent feedings needed) 100% ready for CHO, least ready for protein, fat depends on specific fatt acid
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infant GI tract
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unable to concentrate urine, conserve water, or cope with electrolyte
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immature kidneys of infants
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determined by protein wastes and electrolyte concentrations
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renal solute load
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age when able to regulate water balance via ADH
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1 mo
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age when renal tubules mature
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5 mo
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developed by national center of health statistics (1977), based on NHANES data, two sets: birth to 36 mo and 2-20 yrs
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CDC growth charts
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NHANES
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national health and nutrition examinations survey
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based on mix formula and breastfed infants, racially and ethnically diverse, bew BMI for age charts (for use over age 2) exclude VLBW-very LBW (<1500g) infants and NHANES III data for children >6
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revised CDC growth charts (2000)
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charts wt for age, length for age, wt for length, head circumference for age
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infants, birth to 36 mo
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charts wt for age, stature for age, BMI for age
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children and adolescents, 2 to 20 yr
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charts wt for stature
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preschoolers, 2-5 yrs
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<5th or >95th percentile, 85th to 95th percentile
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assessment standards
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formulas are similar because they are:
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imitating human milk
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liquid concentrate, powdered, ready to feed
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forms of formulas
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regulates formula composition
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FDA
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skim milk, casein and whey proteins
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cow's milk based formula
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isolated soy protein, methionine, CHO (corn syrup or sucrose), veg oil
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soy-based formula
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+ corn oil, + medium-chain TGs
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casein-hydrosylate formulas
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for infants who are allergic to soy and cow's milk. used when you have to build a formula to exactly what you need
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elemental formula
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failure to thrive, water intoxication (hyponatremia, irritability, coma, death
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formula too diluted
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obesity, hypernatremia: brain damage, gangrene, dehydration, tetany, metabolic acidosis
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formula too concentrated
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on demand: 8-12 times/day, every 2-4 hrs, for 20 min/feeding
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feedin schedule for neonate
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~6-8 times/day
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feeding schedule for 2 wks to 1 mo
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~5 times/day, can sleep through the night
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~2 mo
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3 meals + 4 milk feedings
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~6 mo
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iron by 4-6 mo
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nutritional need
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digestion, kidney function, GI tract maturity-absorption of whole proteins
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physiological ability
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loss of extrusion reflex, head and neck control, ability to sit up
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physical ability
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add foods:
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one at a time
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fe-fortified cereals, strained veggies, fruits, strained meats, finger foods, table foods, juice by cup
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suggested order of solid food introduction
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risk of allergy, risk of dehydration due to high renal solute load, risk of anemia, low in Fe, Cu, vits A, C, & E
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why you can't give infants under 1 yr old cow's milk
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risk of botulism spores producing toxin in body -> nerve paralysis
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why you can't give infants honey & corn syrup
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infants convert nitrate to nitrite b/c of low acidity of stomach
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why you can't give infants raw carrots
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egg whites, cow's milk, nuts, chocolate
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allergy-prone foods
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small grains, grapes, hot dog bits, hard candy, nuts popcorn, peanut butter
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choking hazard foods
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juice, soda, sweets
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foods of low nutrient density
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parent responsible for what to eat, infant responsible for when and how much
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division of feeding responsibility for infants
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pick out developmentally appropriate food, hold infant on lap, keep infant company, but don't distract, wait for infant to pay attention, let infant touch and explore food, feed at infant's speed, allow finger feeding when interested, stop when infant indicates "stop"
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division of feeding responsibility-early spoon feeding
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colic, spitting, "nursing bottle syndrome", allegies, infant obesity, constipation
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feeding concerns
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allowing sweetened liquid to pool around teeth -> decay, ear infections
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"nursing bottle syndrome"
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keep 3-7 days btw new foods
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food allergies
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not predictive of adult obesity, do not restrict fat for under 2 yr old
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infant obesity
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can be caused by iron supplements
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constipation
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check growth charts, check disease symptoms, nutrient deficiency?, deficiency of psychological interactions with parents?
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failure-to-thrive
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poor suck, stiffening during feeding, reflux, delay of feeding behaviors
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disease symptoms for failure-to-thrive
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too little fat, too much juice
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could cause nutrient deficiency
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infants need cuddling, voices, eye contact
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psychological interactions with parents
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low maternal age, multiparity, maternal smoking, mall infants, soft mattresses, loose blankets, sleeping on the stomach
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risks for "SIDS"
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period of ____ until adolescence
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slower growth
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wide variations expected in rate of:
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growth, body size, physical activity, and nutrient intake
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once established, growth percentiles should track for:
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weight and height
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BMI for age should:
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stay normal
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wound healing, appetite, immunity, growth
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zinc
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do NOT restrict < 2 yo, 1-3 yo: 30-40%, 4-18 yo: 25-35%
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fat nutrient needs
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14g/1000 kc, increase legumes, high-fiber cereals
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fiber
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more common: infants, toddlers, low SES, decreased physical and mental development, decreases immune resistance
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iron-deficiency anemia
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2% or 1-5 yo
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lead poisoning
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getting adequate food in socially acceptable ways
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food security
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smaller body size increases risk
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food safety
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steadily increasing since 1970s
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overweight/obesity
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gestational diabetes, maternal obesity, early adiposity rebound, low SES, lower cognitive stimulation, external food restriction
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predictors of overweight/obesity
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taller, "older bones", earlier sexual maturity, risks for obesity consequences (chronic disease), concerns with dieting start even younger
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characteristics of overweight children
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cup management, finger grasp, less risk of choking
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feeding skills by 2 yo
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age children are able to cut foods
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4 yo
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like sweet, dislike bitter, single foods, mix of textures, room of temp, mild flavors, colorful, familiar, jugs and rituals are common
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food preferences for children
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children will eat, children are capable of self-regulating food intake, children generally react negatively to new foods but will accept them given time and exposure, parents can either support or disrupt, both dominance and neglect are harmful
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division of feeding responsibility-facts
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parent is responsible for what to eat, when, where
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division of feeding responsibility-toddler
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child responsible for how much and whether
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division of feeding responsible-toddler
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competitive foods
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vending machines
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food service
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follow guidelines
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food intake is better if lunch is:
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after recess
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DRI's for infants are:
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AIs
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DRI's for othe stages:
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mix of AIs and RDAs
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