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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Liberation theology
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Started in Brazil. Has a bottom-up approach to liberating the poor.
Rooted in Catholicism. Contextual Prophetic Concerned with situations of destitution and injustice in the world Theological reflection within community Reflection from one’s concrete life experience Starts with the human experience - social, political, economic, cultural. Encounter between God and social evil and injustice God and vulnerability Concerned with the particularity of situations Theology as a social act Theology speaks in and through context The context influences the content of theology |
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Feminist theology
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Concerned with:
Women’s oppression/struggle for liberation Women’s invisibility: search for women’s dignity The oppressed: fight against sexism and racism Unmasking androcentric scholarship and biases/ conscientization Feminization of poverty Empowers women to define theological issues for themselves Struggles with male-manufactured women invisibility/marginality Unmasking androcentric scholarship and biases/ conscientization |
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Womanist theology
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Womanist Theology
Concerned with Faith, Survival and Freedom of the African-American Women and their communities. Challenge injustice: exploitation resulting from unequal opportunities Identifies and Critiques Black ‘Male’/ ‘White’ Feminist Liberation Theology Privilege: male privilege/white privilege |
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Themes and issues in Womanist Theology
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Triple-barreled threat: poverty, blackness and femaleness (Color, gender and class)
Survival: Celebration of survival – dance Struggle to survive individually and collectively- community Vulnerability: economic, political, social, disease - death Celebration of survival – dance Counter pain Creativity God: Christology, Bible Stories, Church |
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Womanist theology
Literary tradition (why write?) |
Derogatory stereotypes resisted and rejected through the literary tradition.
Chronicle of black women’s survival Mirror black reality Dig out the positive in the black community |
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Sources of Womanist Theology
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Slave narratives: slave ships - slave auctions - slave women as breeders -freedom.
Traditional church doctrines, African American fiction and poetry, Nineteenth-century black women leaders, Poor and working class women Stories of black church women Black women’s literary tradition |
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Womanist Theology
Forms of expression |
Methodology/ Expression
Story telling Cultural expressions: tales, songs - spirituals, prayers, dreams, visions. Theater Art Black women’s literary tradition: Literature, Poetry, Criticism |
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Hermeneutics of suspicion
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a lens
for examining historical texts a hermeneutic which involves a fundamental philosophical reorientation A hermeneutics of suspicion may be said to occupy a mediate horizon as distinguished from the immediate and the ultimate, where the immediate involves only a literal reading of the text and the ultimate a deeper meaning intended by the author. While the “hermeneutics of suspicion” also seeks to determine a non-evident meaning, such a hermeneutics focuses on a meaning which is different from the author’s intention, whether evident or hidden. |
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Hermeneutics of remembrance
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Through searching for the meaning of a text we often end up re-evaluating previous interpretations. This history of understanding shows the living meaning of a text several generations, and while we want to remember the foundational events, we also discover their critical and spiritual meaning through time. Seeking what happened, we generally find what was remembered and how it was remembered.
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Ordinary readers
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They engage in an exegesis with the text. They understand the text in the context of their culture.
They are the subjects of study for trained readers. |
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Liberal feminism
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also known as "main stream feminism," hopes to assert the equality of men and women through political and legal reform. It is an individualistic form of feminism and theory, which focuses on women’s ability to show and maintain their equality through their own actions and choices.
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Socialist Feminism
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a branch of feminism that focuses upon both the public and private spheres of a woman's life and argues that liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women's oppression[1].
A dualist theory that broadens Marxist feminism's argument for the role of capitalism in the oppression of women and radical feminism's theory of the role of gender and the patriarchy. |
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Trained readers
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Educated people who take a scholarly approach to studying to studying theology. Can pull from a variety of channels to let the ordinary reader understand the text.
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Body Theology
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questioning the androcentric, male centered bible. Done by trained readers to pass info to ordinary readers. --> consciousness. --> solidarity between all people.
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Third World Theologies
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Triple Barrel Threat: color, gender, class.
deals with the invisibility of women. Deals with reality, real-life experiences. Need to understand the specifics of each locale. God is part of any injustice in the world. Very connected with community. Trying to attack injustices through hermeneutics. Study --> redefine --> write. |
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Compare/contrast of women in Asia, Africa and Latin America
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Asian societies: religion oppresses women in Asia.
Third world liberation theology started in latin america Africa: women have a large role in society All three places have very different religious backgrounds. Asian theology and African theology have the aspect of colonialism. |
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Hinduism
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Basic Indian Philosophy:
Concentration on the spiritual Man is spiritual, relates to a spiritual universe Religion/philosophy and life Intimate relationship Acceptance of authority One who has realized can teach Synthetic approach true religion comprehends all religions |
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Basic Hindu Belief
Moksha (liberation) |
Achieved by works, knowledge, loving devotion.
Liberation from pain suffering, loss, all forms of estrangement. Union with God |
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Basic Hindu Belief
Karma |
Karma (the law of deeds).
All deeds and thoughts has consequences Continue from life to life in an embodied existence. Room for growth and gradual perfection. |
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Hinduism
Social ordering |
Fourfold division of society, the caste system.
Religious and social duties are intertwined Fosters purity, solidarity, and cooperation Birth is not an accident- ‘I am where I belong’ Live according to your ‘dharma’, social duty |
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Hinduism
Class division |
(a merge of the class and caste)
Upper classes 1.Brahmins: study & teach Vedic, preside over rituals 2. Kshatriya: warrior, and administration of government 3. Vaishya: producer, business people Lowest Class 4. Shudra: servants of the upper classes, forbidden to hear or study the Vedas (Hindu scripture) Untouchables 5. No varna (class) Outcastes: live outside the cities, hunters, fishermen, sweepers, handlers of dead bodies. Birth, jati system of castes Closed social groups determined by birth Each jati belongs to one of the five classes |
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Women’s leadership roles in Hinduism
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Male centered society
Subordinate roles in Hindu society Women divine models in great goddesses, Devi (the energizing power of all gods) Women guru and spiritual leaders Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) Rose to the highest political and moral leadership Made women’s lives and leadership more central Changed modern Indian law on the untouchables. Mahatma Gandhi (1869 - 1948) took care of the untouchables in an effort to reform India |
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Hindu social ordering
Positive Aspects |
Provides a sense of security and identity
People know where they belong No competition for higher places No bitterness since one’s caste is determined by one’s past karma |
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Buddhism
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(563 B.C.- 483B.C.)
Theravada: A few obtain ‘nirvana’ Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand Mahayana: All enter ‘nirvana’ N/E Asia, China Korea, Japan |
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Buddhism major teachings
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Suffering: to live is to suffer, rebirth perpetuates it.
Cause of suffering/life: desire, craving Ending suffering: eliminating all desire Eliminating desire: Follow the ‘noble path’, path to nirvana ie. right views, right intent/aim, right speech, right conduct/action, right means of livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right meditation/contemplation. Nirvana Existential awakening to egolessness attained through liberation from craving. |
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Buddhism
Buddha |
awakened, Enlightened, made aware.
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Enlightenment
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Enlightenment as dynamic spiritual awareness
Enlightenment is the purpose of all study, morality & self development Begins with great renunciation Happen during deep meditation |
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Confucianism
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Confucianism is based on the moral, social, political, and religious teachings of Confucius based on the ancient Chinese traditions.
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characteristics of Ancient Chinese Religions
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Nature-worship
The mountains, rivers, land , the heavens, the sun, moon, and stars spirited Heaven-god, T'ien (Heaven) , Ti (Lord), or Shang-ti (Supreme Lord) reigns supreme T'ien upholds moral laws He punishes evil calamities and early death Ancestor veneration |
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Confucius, The Teacher
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Confucius, K’ung-tze, 551- 478 B.C
Confucian understanding of faith: The Way (Tao) is the foundation of the cosmos and human existence. The essentials of the Way have been recorded in the classics. The Way of the classics is revealed through learning and practise. Power and force cannot apply the Way to our lives Faith is not directed to one single object of worship No original sin, no grace |
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Confucianism
Human transcendence |
It is achieved through human efforts in family, community and society
By means of rituals, ethics and politics Through the guidelines of the classics |
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Confucianism
Harmony and Equilibrium |
It is the essence of the universe and of human existence.
Links the sacred with the secular. Social harmony leads to spiritual transcendence 'The Great Harmony is called the Way' |
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Ivone Gebara
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Ivone Gebara is a Brazilian Sister of Our Lady (Canoneses of St. Augustine) and one of Latin America’s leading theologians, writing from the perspective of ecofeminism and liberation theology. For nearly two decades Gebara has been a professor at the Theological Institute of Recife. The author of Longing for Running Water: Ecofeminism and Liberation, Gebara articulates an ecofeminist perspective that combines social ecofeminism and holistic ecology, promoting an “urban ecofeminism” shaped by her experiences of working with poor women in Brazilian favelas (slum neighborhoods). Gebara claims that ecofeminism is born of “daily life” and thus considers garbage in the street, inadequate health care, and other daily survival crises faced by poor women as they provide for family sustenance, to be central issues in ecofeminist liberation theology. Gebara proposes a new theological anthropology, model for God, trinitarian language, Christology, and “religious biodiversity” from the perspective of Latin American ecofeminism.
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Nickel and Dimed
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There are hidden costs (security deposits)
there is little assistance for the working poor related to liberation theology and theology from below: raises consciousness of |
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Longing for Running Water
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relates to feminine theology and feminist theology
male-centered christianity, need to abandon it. knowledge dominated by men was considered "true" knowledge. women have experiential knowledge, not real knowledge. human-centeredness destroys the environment. Gebara believes that relatedness/God needs to be the center of the universe, it the primary, foundationational reality. |
