Liberal Welfare Reforms

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When was unemployment at its height?

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1902-05 and 1908-10.

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Liberals...laissez faire... go?

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Thane:- The strains of Liberal individualism were markedly less influential in the 1900s than in the previous generation. not disappeared by more muted.

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Boer War evidence effect

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Many volunteers of Boer War turned away because unfit. raised question of physical fitness of army volunteers had been a problem since Crimean War.

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Trade Disputes Act -

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1906. Repayments to labour for their support during the election

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Education (Provision of Meals Act) Act

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December 1906. Backbench measure pushed through by William Wilson. Permitted but did not require (where Wilson disagreed) local authorities to provide free school meals to needy children.

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What was the Provision of Meals Act a step towards?

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a step to recognising that parents were not necessarily culpable for the undernourished of their children and that with public support, needy children could be well cared for.

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success of the Provision of Meals Act?

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Had a slow beginning but by 1911/12 131 of 322 education authorities in England and Wales had introduced the service-only 95 financed school meals.

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1914-Board of Education...

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Added to the Provision of Meals Act to say the provision was compulsary for local authorities.

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1907 Board of Education

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began to encourage the admission of working class children to 25% of the places in state aided voluntary secondary schools.

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Education (Administrative Provisions) Act

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1907- required local education authorities to provide medical inspections of school children. The Board of Education encouraged local authorities to provide free medical treatment, using local hospitals and dispensaries. This was slowed by the treasury refusing to fund this until 1912. From then school clinics spread rapidly.

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Children Act

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1908-separate juvenile courts

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Poor Law Institutions Order

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1913-Prohibited children between 3-16 from remaining in a general mixed workhouse for more than 6 weeks. children under 3 were to stay with their mothers.

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Why was Asquith and Campbell-Bannerman cautious about reform?

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didn't want to lose votes from middle class tax payers.

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Pension Act

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August 1908. granted a pension od between 1s and 5s per week to those with annual incomes between £21-£31 10s provided they had not been imprisoned for any offence during 10 years preceding the claim or were not 'aliens' or wives of 'aliens'. and that they had not been guilty of failure to work according to ability, opportunity or need.

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First pensions paid...effect?

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1 jan 1909. 490,000 qualified (excluded those who received poor relief-this was removed 1911)-striking testimony to extent of severe poverty in old age untouched by Poor Law-majority were women.

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What did the pensions highlight. Thane.

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was an official admission that the respectable and hard working could be poor through no fault of their own.

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Lloyd George and NI

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1911. provided sickness benefits of 10s per week for men and 7s 6d fr women./ for first 26 weeks of sickness, nothing paid for 3 days. Contributors paid 4d a week from male employees (3d from employer, 3d from females, those earning less than 2d were exempt. the state contributed littler under 2d a week per worker. covered those aged 16-65 earning £160.00 per annum or less.

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First NI benefits paid

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15th January, 1913. unexpectedly high claims from women.

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The Education (Choice of Employment) Bill

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1910-local authorities to provide vocational guidance for school leavers. Board of Education gave grants for this purpose.

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Denmark 1891

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First country introduced non-contributory old age pensions for over 65.

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France

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slowest rate of population growth, second half 19th century 1900s most extensive child welfare clinics. infant mortality declined. 1902-compulsory vaccination of small pox.

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Trade Boards Act

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1909-introduced by Churchill, established boards representing employers and workers to fix minimum wages in largely non-unionized industries.

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Trade Boards Act first attempt (Thane)

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first attempt by the British State in recent history to control low pay. The Act was a bolder break with the past than other Liberal reforms-didn't establish a general minimum wage.

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H.Llewellyn ideas-next part of NI.

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proposed that insurance should be compulsary for all grades of workers in shipbuilding, engineering and building and construction. Trades liable to seasonal/cyclical fluctuations.

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popular pressure-Hay

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In all industrial matters, especially unemployment, the Liberals were more subject to effective popular pressure than other social issues.

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Hay-NI reason

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the idea of 'national efficiency'

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Packer. reason for first phase of reforms

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political agenda built up over the previous decade.

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Packer-only considerable measure by...

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1908, Old Age pension

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1908 onwards..whose work

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Lloyd George and Churchill. NI.

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Other countries embarking on social reform

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Uruguay, Russia, Australia, Germany and USA

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'national efficiency'

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war and welfare

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Hay on working class pressure

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has been argued that Political pressure from working was one of the main reasons for the origins of social reform. but it wasn't all.

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Hay on importance of 'national efficiency'

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Impossible to defend the empire without a healthy base.

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Hay on what acts Boer War created

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School meals and medical inspection came from the opinions created due to the Boer War

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Who pushed for Medical inspection

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backbench pressure--Sir Robert Morant

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Childrens Act

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1908-abolished committal of children to prison

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Motives for pensions - Hay

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indirectly national efficiency
anti-socialist measure
public pressure (although resisted before)
product of statistical investigation-proved the extent of poverty among the old
pensions ended the first phase of reform

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Fraser on impetus for...

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needy school children-Boer War

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1904

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Report of the interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deteriation

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Tory John Gorst

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meals for school children in Balfour ministry would not allow any measure that would increase local or national taxation

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Fraser - importance different

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significant developments in official care for welfare of children -no way as important as major measure concerned with the welfare of the old pensions-1908.

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fraser on Liberal want for social reform

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from 1909 Liberal gov began leading the march forward where earlier they had been pushed from behind.

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Thane-underfeeding

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Women and children suffered from underfeeding to a much greater extent than men.

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Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration (5)

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made 53 recommendations including an adequate system of school medical inspection and state-sponsored system of school feeding. encourage physical training, regulation of conditions such as overcrowding and pollution

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Thane-unemployment peak

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Winter, 1902/03

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Open Spaces Act

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1906

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only reform to figure prominently in 1906 election

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old age pensions

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Lloyd George-1905

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President of the Board of Trade

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Lloyd George-1908

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Chancellor of the Exchequer

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Churchill-1908

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President of the Board of Trade

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Churchill-1910

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Home Secretary

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People's budget-1909

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Death duties, liquor licensing duties, tobacco and spirit duties, taxes on cards and petrol introduced. Most contentious issue - land tax...

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1909-not budget/TB

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Development Act-established a development commission to give financial help to agriculture and fisheries-especially in times of high unemployment.

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failure acts early on

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Education Bill, Licensing Act

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Legislation when Lloyd George was President of Board of Trades

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Merchant Shipping Act (1906), Patents Act (1907)

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Haldanes Military Reform

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1908-set up TA
Established official Training Corps
1909-special department of War Office to deal with counter-espionage

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Burns 1908

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Housing and Town Planning Act-enlarged the powers of local authorities-demolishing slums and building houses to replace them

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1912-Shops Act

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small but useful, 60 hours a week and compulsory meal times.